GATE Biotechnology (BT) Syllabus 2024: PDF Download, List of Chapters and Topics

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GATE Biotechnology (BT) Syllabus 2024 PDF Download

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Sections

All Topics

Important Topics

Linear Algebra

• Matrix and Determinants 
• Systems of Linear Equations 
• Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

Calculus

• Limits
• Continuity and Differentiability
• Partial Derivatives
• Maxima and Minima
• Sequences and Series
• Test for Convergence

• Continuity and Differentiability
• Sequences and Series
• Test for Convergence

Differential Equations

• Linear and Nonlinear First Order ODEs
• Higher Order ODEs with Constant 
• Coefficients
• Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations
• Laplace Transforms

• Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations
• Laplace Transforms

Probability and Statistics

• Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation
• Random Variables
• Poisson, Normal and Binomial Distributions
• Correlation and Regression Analysis

Poisson, Normal and Binomial Distributions

Numerical Methods

• Solution of Linear and Nonlinear Algebraic Equations
• Integration by Trapezoidal and Simpson’s Rule
• Single Step Method for Differential Equations

Integration by Trapezoidal and Simpson’s Rule

Sections

Topics

Important Topics

Biochemistry

• Biomolecules – Structure and Function 
• Biological Membranes, Molecular Motors, Action Potential and Transport Processes 
• Basic Concepts and Regulation of the Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids and Nucleic Acids
• Photosynthesis 
• Respiration and Electron Transport Chain
• Enzymes – Classification, Catalytic and Regulatory Strategies
• Enzyme Inhibition – Competitive, Non-Competitive and Uncompetitive Inhibition
• Enzyme Kinetics - Michaelis-Menten Equation

• Enzymes – Classification, Catalytic and Regulatory Strategies
• Basic Concepts and Regulation of the Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids and Nucleic Acids
• Enzyme Kinetics - Michaelis-Menten Equation

Microbiology

• Bacterial Classification and Diversity Microbial Ecology - Microbes in Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Ecosystems Microbial Interactions 
• Viruses - Structure and Classification Methods in Microbiology 
• Microbial Growth and Nutrition Nitrogen Fixation 
• Microbial Diseases and Host-Pathogen Interactions
• Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance

• Viruses - Structure and Classification Methods in Microbiology 
• Microbial Growth and Nutrition Nitrogen Fixation 
• Microbial Diseases and Host-Pathogen Interactions
• Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance

Immunology

• Innate and Adaptive Immunity, Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity 
• Antibody Structure and Function
• Molecular Basis of Antibody Diversity 
• T cell and B cell Development
• Antigen-Antibody Reaction 
• Complement 
• Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs
• Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) 
• Antigen Processing and Presentation
• Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody 
• Regulation of Immune Response
• Immune Tolerance
• Hypersensitivity 
• Autoimmunity 
• Graft Versus Host Reaction
• Immunisation and Vaccines

• T cell and B cell Development
• Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) 
• Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody 
• Graft Versus Host Reaction
• Immunisation and Vaccines

Sections

Topics

Important Topics

Genetics and Evolutionary Biology

• Mendelian Inheritance 
• Gene Interaction 
• Complementation 
• Linkage, Recombination and Chromosome Mapping 
• Extra Chromosomal Inheritance 
• Microbial Genetics – Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation
• Horizontal Gene Transfer and Transposable Elements
• Chromosomal Variation
• Genetic Disorders
• Population Genetics 
• Epigenetics 
• Selection and Inheritance
• Adaptive and Neutral Evolution
• Genetic Drift
• Species and Speciation

• Extra Chromosomal Inheritance 
• Microbial Genetics – Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation
• Genetic Disorders
• Population Genetics 
• Epigenetics 

Cell Biology

• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structure 
• Cell Cycle and Cell Growth Control
• Cell-Cell Communication 
• Cell Signalling and Signal Transduction 
• Post-Translational Modifications 
• Protein Trafficking 
• Cell Death and Autophagy
• Extracellular Matrix

• Cell Cycle and Cell Growth Control
• Cell-Cell Communication 
• Cell Signalling and Signal Transduction 
• Protein Trafficking 
• Cell Death and Autophagy

Molecular Biology

• Molecular Structure of Genes and Chromosomes 
• Mutations and Mutagenesis 
• Regulation of Gene Expression 
• Nucleic Acid – Replication, Transcription, Splicing, Translation and their Regulatory Mechanisms
• Non-Coding and MicroRNA 
• RNA Interference 
• DNA Damage and Repair

• Mutations and Mutagenesis 
• Non-Coding and MicroRNA 
• RNA Interference 
• DNA Damage and Repair

Sections

Topics

Important Topics

Engineering Principles Applied to Biological Systems

• Material and Energy Balances for Reactive and Non-Reactive Systems
• Recycle, Bypass and Purge Processes 
• Stoichiometry of Growth and Product Formation 
• Degree of Reduction, Electron Balance and Theoretical Oxygen Demand

Stoichiometry of Growth and Product Formation

Classical Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics

• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Solution Thermodynamics
• Phase Equilibria and Reaction Equilibria
• Ligand Binding
• Membrane Potential
• Energetics of Metabolic Pathways 
• Oxidation and Reduction Reactions 

• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Ligand Binding
• Oxidation and Reduction Reactions 

Transport Processes

• Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids, Fluid Flow – Laminar and Turbulent 
• Mixing in Bioreactors, Mixing Time
• Molecular Diffusion and Film Theory
• Oxygen Transfer and uptake in a Bioreactor, kLa and its Measurement
• Conductive and Convective Heat Transfer, LMTD, Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• Heat Exchangers

• Oxygen Transfer and uptake in a Bioreactor, kLa and its Measurement
• Conductive and Convective Heat Transfer, LMTD, Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• Heat Exchangers

Section

Topics

Important Topics

Bioreaction Engineering

• Rate Law, Zero and First-Order Kinetics
• Ideal Reactors – Batch, Mixed Flow and Plug Flow 
• Enzyme Immobilization, Diffusion Effects – Thiele Modulus, Effectiveness Factor, Damkoehler Number
• Kinetics of Cell growth, Substrate Utilisation and Product Formation 
• Structured and Unstructured Models 
• Batch, Fed-Batch andContinuous Processes
• Microbial and Enzyme Reactors
• Optimization and Scale-Up

• Ideal Reactors – Batch, Mixed Flow and Plug Flow 
• Enzyme Immobilization, Diffusion Effects – Thiele Modulus, Effectiveness Factor, Damkoehler Number
• Kinetics of Cell growth, Substrate Utilisation and Product Formation

Upstream and Downstream Processing

• Media Formulation and Optimization 
• Sterilisation of Air and Media
• Filtration – Membrane Filtration, Ultrafiltration
• Centrifugation – High Speed and Ultra
• Cell Disruption
• Principles of Chromatography– Ion Exchange, Gel Filtration, Hydrophobic Interaction, Affinity, GC, HPLC and FPLC
• Extraction, Adsorption, and Drying

• Sterilisation of Air and Media
• Filtration – Membrane Filtration, Ultrafiltration
• Principles of Chromatography– Ion Exchange, Gel Filtration, Hydrophobic Interaction, Affinity, GC, HPLC and FPLC

Instrumentation and Process Control

• Pressure, Temperature, and Flow Measurement Devices
• Valves
• First-Order and Second-Order Systems 
• Feedback and Feedforward Control
• Types of Controllers – Proportional, Derivative, and Integral Control, Tuning of Controllers

• First-Order and Second-Order Systems
• Types of Controllers – Proportional, Derivative, and Integral Control, Tuning of Controllers

Section

Topics

Important Topics

Plants

• Totipotency
• Regeneration of Plants 
• Plant Growth Regulators and Elicitors 
• Tissue culture and Cell Suspension Culture System – Methodology, the Kinetics of Growth and Nutrient Optimization 
• Production of Secondary Metabolites
• Hairy Root Culture
• Plant products of Industrial Importance 
• Artificial Seeds
• Somaclonal Variation 
• Protoplast, Protoplast Fusion – Somatic Hybrid and Cybrid
• Transgenic Plants –Direct and Indirect Methods of Gene Transfer Techniques
• Selection Marker and Reporter Gene
• Plastid Transformation

• Totipotency
• Regeneration of Plants 
• Plant Growth Regulators and Elicitors 
• Tissue culture and Cell Suspension Culture System – Methodology, the Kinetics of Growth and Nutrient Optimization 
• Artificial Seeds
• Somaclonal Variation
• Transgenic Plants –Direct and Indirect Methods of Gene Transfer Techniques

Animals

• Culture media composition and growth conditions 
• Animal cell and Tissue Preservation
• Anchorage and Non-Anchorage Dependent Cell Culture 
• Kinetics of Cell Growth
• Micro Macro-Carrier Culture 
• Hybridoma Technology
• Stem Cell Technology
• Animal Cloning
• Transgenic Animals 
• Knock-Out and Knock-In Animals

• Animal cell and Tissue Preservation
• Kinetics of Cell Growth
• Hybridoma Technology
• Stem Cell Technology
• Animal Cloning
• Transgenic Animals

Microbes

• Production of Biomass and Primary / Secondary Metabolites – Biofuels, Bioplastic, Industrial Enzymes, Antibiotics 
• Large Scale Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins and Metabolites 
• Clinical - Food and Industrial Microbiology 
• Screening Strategies for New Products

• Clinical - Food and Industrial Microbiology 
• Screening Strategies for New Products

Section

Topics

Important Topics

Recombinant DNA Technology

• Restriction and Modification Enzymes
• Vectors – Plasmids, Bacteriophage and other Viral Vectors, Cosmids, Ti plasmid, Bacterial and Yeast Artificial Chromosomes
• Expression Vectors, cDNA and Genomic DNA Library
• Gene Isolation and Cloning, Strategies for the Production of Recombinant Proteins
• Transposons and Gene Targeting

• Vectors – Plasmids, Bacteriophage and other Viral Vectors, Cosmids, Ti plasmid, Bacterial and Yeast Artificial Chromosomes
• Gene Isolation and Cloning, Strategies for the Production of Recombinant Proteins

Molecular Tools

• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA / RNA Labelling and Sequencing 
• Southern and Northern Blotting
• In-situ Hybridization
• DNA Fingerprinting, RAPD, RFLP
• Site-Directed Mutagenesis 
• Gene Transfer Technologies CRISPR-Cas
• Biosensing and Biosensors

• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA / RNA Labelling and Sequencing
• In-situ Hybridization
• DNA Fingerprinting, RAPD, RFLP
• Gene Transfer Technologies CRISPR-Cas

Analytical Tools

• Principles of Microscopy – Light, Electron, Fluorescent andConfocal
• Principles of Spectroscopy – UV,Visible, CD, IR, Fluorescence, FT-IR, MS, NMR, Electrophoresis
• Micro-Arrays, Enzymatic Assays
• Immunoassays– ELISA, RIA Immunohistochemistry
• Immunoblotting
• Flow Cytometry 
• Whole-Genome, and ChIP-Sequencing

• Principles of Spectroscopy – UV,Visible, CD, IR, Fluorescence, FT-IR, MS, NMR, Electrophoresis
• Immunoassays– ELISA, RIA Immunohistochemistry
• Flow Cytometry

Computational Tools

• Bioinformatics Resources and Search Tools
• Sequence and Structure Databases 
• Sequence Analysis – Sequence File Formats, Scoring Matrices, Alignment, Phylogeny
• Genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics
• Gene Prediction 
• Functional Annotation
• Secondary Structure and 3D Structure Prediction
• Knowledge Discovery in Biochemical Databases
• Metagenomics
• Metabolic Engineering, and Systems Biology

• Gene Prediction
• Sequence and Structure Databases 
• Secondary Structure and 3D Structure Prediction
• Metagenomics

Name of the book

Author / Publication

Biotechnology

Pranav Kumar

Fundamentals of Biochemistry

Lehninger

Principle of Bioprocess Engineering

P. Doran

GATE Biotechnology

GK Publishers

Life Science part 1 and 2.

Pathfinder publications

Immunology

Kuby

GATE General Aptitude and Mathematics

GK Publishers

Molecular Cell Biology

lodish and Baltimore

Bioprocess Engineering

Schuler & Kargi

Bioprocess Engineering principles

Pauline Doran

Molecular biology of the gene

James Watson

Immunology

Kuby

Advanced Engineering Mathematics

Erwin Kreyszig

Principles of Gene Manipulation

Primrose & Twyman

Gene cloning and DNA analysis

T.A Brown

Plant Biotech

Slater

Year

General

OBC

SC / ST / PD

2023

31.6

28.4

21.0

2022

35.5

31.9

23.6

2021

30

27

20

2020

30.7

27.6

20.4

2019

35.9

32.3

23.9

2018

27.9

25.1

18.5

2017

38.9

35

25.9