MBA in Aviation Management

  • SaveSave
  • Request a callbackRequest a callback
  • AskAsk us
author
Dec 08, 2023 17:48PM IST

MBA in Aviation Management Overview

MBA in Aviation Management has been designed to provide for the demands and needs of the rapidly changing global aviation industry. Management professionals who specialise in Aviation Management stand out amongst those who belong to the other MBA specialisations, hence, they are the perfect fit for this industry. In the MBA in Aviation Management course, students receive the opportunity to acquire those abilities that would assist them to be at par with the regularly evolving aviation industry. There is no specific pre-requirement for the course which means that students from any specialisation can pursue MBA in Aviation Management.

MBA in Aviation Management is a postgraduate course that is completed in two or three years, depending on the mode of study. The various modes offered by universities are full-time, part-time, online and distance modes, and the annual fee for the course can fluctuate between INR 3,00,000 and INR 12,00,000.  Management graduates in aviation management are adept at discerning the critical elements of the ground, flight, cost adequacy, etc. in addition to the administration aptitudes that are essential for foreseeing and governing the various business difficulties.

Students get admission to MBA in aviation management through CAT, MAT, GMAT, SNAP, and NMAT.  Those who wish to pursue the course can take admission to top colleges like MS Ramaiah University, Manipal University, ITM University, IPE University, and BML University. With the gigantic development in the sector of the aviation industry, an MBA with specialisation in Aviation Management has become one of the upcoming trends that allure the student population consistently for its lucrative jobs and interesting work profile such as supply chain manager, airline manager, and flight manager. The top recruiters are Hindustan Aeronautics, Spice Jet, Jet Airways, Indigo, and others. The average salary earned by graduates is between INR 6,00,000 and INR 10,00,000.

Show Less

MBA in Aviation Management Highlights

Following is the important highlights of an MBA in Aviation Management course:

Particulars

Details

Full Name

Master of Business Administration in Aviation Management

Short Name

MBA Aviation Management

Course Level

Postgraduate

Course Type

Degree Course

Specialisation

Aviation Management

Course Duration

2 years

Internship

Mandatory

Course Mode

Full Time/Distance

Minimum Qualification Required

Graduation in any stream with at least 50% aggregate marks

Age

No Limit

Selection Process

MBA Entrance Exam + GD/PI round of colleges

Average Course Fee

INR 3,00000-12,00,000 per year

Average Salary

INR 6, 00,000-10,00,000 per year

Top Recruiters

Airline Companies, Tourism Companies, Airline Ticketing Companies etc.

Show Less

Why Study MBA in Aviation Management?

An MBA in Aviation Management helps graduates to thrive in various roles in the aviation industry. Here are some reasons for students to choose MBA in Aviation Management:

  • Aviation Management programme focuses on the core business structure of the aviation industry, thereby helping students to gain knowledge of various aviation jobs. Candidates can seek employment in airline operation, airport management, airport consulting, air transportation, aircraft manufacturing, sales, and aviation insurance.
  • The Aviation industry is growing at a rapid pace, requiring thousands of professionals in the aviation and airline enterprises. The programme is designed to guide students in exciting aviation careers.
  • Candidates are able to apply for a manager and director-level position in the aviation industry after completing MBA in Aviation Management.
  • Candidates will be able to expand their horizons and travel all around the world. 

Candidates are able to get a higher package after completing MBA in Aviation Management. There is ample scope for career advancement after completing the course.

Show Less

Types of MBA in Aviation Management

MBA in Aviation Management helps students gain specialist skills and knowledge to meet the need for talented managers in the dynamic aviation sector. There are a few modes of pursuing Aviation Management studies depending on the time students can dedicate to the course. The various types of MBA in Aviation Management are given below: 

Full-time MBA in Aviation Management

This two-year course is for students who can dedicate time to full-time study. It is to be pursued in regular mode through classroom and experiential teaching and learning. The course is tailored to assist students to develop expertise in business and management besides the aviation sector. 

Part-time MBA in Aviation Management

MBA in Aviation Management has a lot to offer to candidates, who can enjoy an excellent salary and employment benefits. The course is available in the part-time mode where students generally attend classes during weekends or evenings. The course may take two to three years to complete. 

Online MBA in Aviation Management 

In order to become a part of the multi-faceted aviation industry, students can complete an online MBA in Aviation Management. In this mode, they do not need to visit any institution to attend classes. They can graduate by taking virtual classes from their devices. The course provides students with the flexibility to pursue it and professionals can also take part in it without quitting their jobs. 

Distance MBA in Aviation Management

A distance MBA in Aviation Management is a perfect fit for those who want to complete their degree and work at the same time. It may take more time to complete than a regular MBA. Candidates do not need to attend regular classes and admission to the course may require a few years of professional expertise. The course teaches students broad management skills with a focus on the aviation sector.

Show Less

MBA in Aviation Management Entrance Exams

Students have to appear for management-related entrance examinations to get admission to MBA in Aviation Management. The cut-off scores in these exams are an important deciding factor for admission. Here are some of the entrance exams for an MBA in Aviation Management:

  • CAT: The full form of CAT is Common Admission Test. It is the most popular test to gain admission to Aviation Management courses at IIMs and top management institutes in India. It is a computer-based test of 2 hours
  • MAT: Management Aptitude Test or MAT is conducted by the All India Management Association (AIMA). The test results are accepted by more than 800 institutes across the country. The exam duration is 2 hours and 30 minutes. It is preferred by students who wish to study MBA in Aviation Management.
  • NMAT: The NMAT exam is also known as NMIMS Management Aptitude Test. The GMAC is the conducting body of the exam. The duration of the NMAT is 2 hours and is a computer-adaptive online test. Students can choose to take this entrance test for admission to MBA in Aviation Management. 
  • XAT: Xavier Aptitude Test, that is XAT is conducted by XLRI Jamshedpur once a year in online mode. The test results are accepted by a few popular business schools in India.
Show Less

MBA in Aviation Management Eligibility Criteria

Given below are the eligibility criteria for an MBA in Aviation Management course.

  • The candidate must have obtained a bachelor's degree from a recognized institute.
  • Candidates belonging to the general category must score a minimum of 50% aggregate marks. For SC/ST candidates, a minimum of 45% aggregate is required in the qualifying course.
  • It is mandatory for the candidate to have qualified an MBA entrance exam conducted by the institution.
    Check the schedule of MBA entrance exams in India.
  • Final year students can also apply, but they are given provisional admission until they furnish all the required certificates within the stipulated time.
Show Less

How to Get Admission for MBA in Aviation Management?

Candidates can check the process of admission for MBA in Aviation Management courses given below.

  • Candidates are required to appear for an MBA entrance exam and submit their exam scores with the college application form.
  • The colleges release a cutoff and candidates who qualify are shortlisted for the admission process.
  • Shortlisted candidates must then appear for a WAT/GD/PI round at the college. This process may also be conducted online.
  • Colleges send invites to the candidates who are allotted a seat. Such candidates have to get their documents verified and confirm admission via fee payment before any specified deadline.
  • Some colleges also grant direct admission based on the merit of the candidate in their undergraduate course.

The admission process employed by different colleges may have slight variations from the one specified above. Check the college admission brochure carefully for all of the details. Also, check these other related articles for more information.

Show Less

Popular MBA Colleges in Aviation Management Courses in India

The popular MBA colleges in Aviation Management provide students with an overview of airline and airport management and its institutional framework. They also provide knowledge of airport planning, management and operations that is crucial to begin the role of an Aviation management professional. The popular colleges in India offering MBA in Aviation Management are: 

MBA in Aviation Management College

Location

University of Petroleum and Energy Studies 

Dehradun

School of Management, Dr DY Patil University

Mumbai

Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science

Chennai

Ajeenkya DY Patil University

Pune

SJES College of Management Studies

Bangalore

Indian Institute of Knowledge Management

Chennai

Nehru College of Aeronautics and Applied Sciences

Coimbatore

Srinivas University

Mangalore

Institute of Clinical Research India

Ahmedabad

Singhania University

Rajasthan

NIMS University

Jaipur

Avalon Business School

Andhra Pradesh

Institute of Clinical Research India

Delhi

Assam Don Bosco University

Guwahati

Noorul Islam Centre For Higher Education

Tamil Nadu

Show Less

Study MBA in Aviation Management Abroad

Studying MBA in Aviation Management abroad provides students with the opportunity to apply existing and emerging management principles in scheduling, handling, and operations related to aviation. They will get opportunities throughout the entire aviation industry ecosystem to meet the wide-ranging and prevalent domestic and global challenges. Graduates from institutes abroad will get a competitive edge in their careers. Some of the popular colleges for an MBA in Aviation Management abroad are:

MBA in Aviation Management Colleges Abroad

Country

Kent State University

United States

Kansas State University

United States

University of North Dakota

United States

Florida Institute of Technology

United States

University of Coventry

United Kingdom

University of Bedfordshire

United Kingdom

Cranfield University

United Kingdom

University of Westminister

United Kingdom

University of Toronto

Canada

Laval University

Canada

University of Alberta

Canada

Canadore 

Canada

University of New South Wales

Australia

Griffith University 

Australia

University of Southern Queensland

Australia

Show Less

What is MBA in Aviation Management Course Fees?

MBA in Aviation Management is a unique course that can help professionals to reach greater heights. Often the course fee of this particular MBA specialisation is high but students must not worry as there are other cheaper alternative colleges too. Here is a list of MBA colleges that provide an MBA in Aviation Management and their annual average course fee has been provided:

MBA in Aviation Management College

Average Annual Fees (in INR)

University of Petroleum and Energy Studies 

15,00,000

School of Management, Dr DY Patil University

8,50,000

Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science

4,09,000

SJES College of Management Studies

1,50,000

Nehru College of Aeronautics and Applied Sciences

1,60,000

Srinivas University

1,48,000

Singhania University

60,000

NIMS University

2,60,000

Jagannath University

4,00,000

Noorul Islam Centre For Higher Education

2,00,000

Show Less

MBA in Aviation Management Syllabus

The syllabus of MBA in Aviation Management is provided below. 

First Year:

Human Resource Management

Airline Marketing Management

Accounting for Management

Organisational Behaviour

Data Analytics for Business Decisions

Airline and Airport Management

Economic Analysis for Business Decisions

Practical (Business Application Software)

Airline Operation and Scheduling

Aviation Law

Airline Finance

Strategic Management

Research Methods in Business

Aviation Safety Management and Accident Investigations

Total Quality Management

Communication Skills and Business Correspondence

Practical (Summer Project)

Practical (Seminar 1: Emerging Trends in Management- Case Study Analysis and Seminar)

Second Year:

International Business Management

Electives 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6

Entrepreneurship Development

Practical (Summer Project Work)

Practical (Seminar 2: Emerging Trends in Management)

Project Work

List of Electives for Second Year:

E-Business

Supply Chain Management

Insurance and Risk Management

Airline Economics

Aircraft Maintenance Management

Airline Advertising and Sales Promotion

Aircraft Rules and Regulations C.A.R. 1 and 2

Customer Relationship Management

Cross-Cultural Management

Show Less

Course Curriculum for MBA in Aviation Management

The course curriculum for MBA in Aviation Management is specially developed to equip professionals for the aviation sector where leadership skills, critical thinking and analytical skills and creative skills are imparted to the students. The curriculum is designed through extensive research, and consultation with aircraft industries, aerospace R&D centres, airlines, airports and academic institutions. Here is a detailed overview of the course curriculum that students must understand:

  • The programme is spread over four semesters.
  • The first and second semester is common with all other management programmes.
  • The elective subjects cover airport and airline management subjects.
  • Students have to undertake project work during the second year in association with industry partners. 
  • The course will include classroom inputs, seminars, case studies, industrial visits and internships.
Show Less

Salary after MBA in Aviation Management

The average salary earned by an MBA in Aviation Management degree holder in India is around Rs. 13,40,000 per year. The course paves the way to some very high-paying jobs in the aviation industry and hence has good salary prospects. The starting salary in this industry can be around Rs. 3-4 LPA while senior-level salaries can reach over Rs. 20 LPA.

Show Less

MBA in Aviation Management Scope in India - Career and Job Prospects

It is estimated that around 95% of the Indian population have no exposure to the aviation sector and hence it is a massive pool of untapped potential to investors in India and abroad. This is a dynamic and ever-evolving market that provides a plethora of opportunities to aspirants in several industries aviation regulatory authorities, national airports, international airports, airlines, air cargo operators, ground handling companies, aviation fuel companies, MRO companies, global travel and tourism operators and allied aviation service providers. 

Students can find job opportunities and can build their careers in

  • Flight Analysis
  • Business Development
  • Airline/Airport Revenue Forecasting
  • Loyalty Program Management
  • Fueling Management
  • Airline Operations Management
  • Corporate Planning & Strategy
  • Airport Operations Management
  • Ticketing and Passenger Services

Some common job roles that are undertaken by graduates who complete an MBA in aviation management are 

Job Roles 

Description

Aircraft Maintenance Manager

They are concerned with running everything smoothly at the aircraft maintenance facility. They look after the service, repair and overall maintenance of aircraft and aircraft engines.

Airlines Customer Relationship Manager

They are in charge of various areas in passenger service operations. They attend to investigations and complaints raised by airlines and passengers and try to settle them amicably. 

Grooming and Aviation Trainer

They create training strategies, initiatives and materials and train students regarding aviation and grooming. They also give training on emergency procedures and equipment, announcements, dress code, code of conduct, etiquette and manners. 

Airport Manager

Airport managers manage the daily activities and operations at airports that include compliance with legal and security measures, punctuality and general orders in the airport. They are a point of contact for airport administrators, airline professionals and the general public. 

Airport Traffic Controllers

Air traffic controllers direct aircraft efficiently to minimise delays. They look into the flow of aircraft into and out of the airport airspace, guide pilots to take off and land, and monitor aircraft while they fly. 

Cargo Operations Manager

They plan, direct, or oversee the activities of ground crew in the aircraft cargo or baggage transfer. They also assist in planning the path of flights considering the aircraft’s performance and loading according to the weather and airport conditions. 

Show Less

MBA in Aviation Management Career Options and Job Prospects

The course of MBA in aviation management opens new doors for candidates with respect to jobs and career options. The aviation industry is at a steady growth and hence it provides good salary packages to the employees that come under the spectrum of that field. Some common job roles that are undertaken by graduates who complete an MBA in aviation management are provided below.

  • Aircraft Maintenance Manager
  • Trainer
  • Airlines Customer Relationship Manager
  • Aviation Ground Staff Trainer
  • Assistant Marketing Manager
  • Aviation Operations Specialist
  • Grooming and Aviation Trainer
  • Corporate Sales Manager
  • Security Supervisor
  • Assistant Manager
  • Airport Manager
  • Airport Operations Manager
  • Airport Traffic Controllers
  • Aviation Faculty
  • Cargo Operations Manager
Show Less

FAQs about MBA Aviation

Is MBA in Aviation Management difficult?

No, MBA in Aviation Management is not difficult. It is a holistic course that is designed to produce graduates who have deep knowledge, applied skills and experience in their chosen discipline. This course nurtures problem-solving, critical thinking, communication and leadership skills that are sought by the aviation industry. 

Which skills are required for MBA in Aviation Management?

The skills that are required for MBA in Aviation Management are leadership qualities, subject matter excellence, ethics and integrity, communication, teamwork, individual resilience and innovation.  These qualities will help individuals to thrive in the high-pressure job atmosphere of the aviation sector.

Is it good to study MBA in Aviation Management abroad?

Yes, it is a viable option to study MBA in Aviation Management abroad. The universities there take a multi-faceted approach to the operations of airports, airline companies, air traffic controllers and more. They provide opportunities to get involved with different organizations to enhance their knowledge of the industry's functioning. 

What are the top colleges for MBA in Aviation Management?

The top colleges for MBA in Aviation Management are the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dr DY Patil University, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, SJES College of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Knowledge Management and Nehru College of Aeronautics and Applied Sciences. The curriculum in these institutes has been designed to give an understanding of management and marketing practices that are required for the smooth functioning of the aviation industry.

Should I pursue a part-time MBA in Aviation Management?

Yes, if you have work or any other commitment that is preventing you from engaging in a full-time MBA, then a part-time MBA in Aviation Management is an excellent choice. The course gives a detailed knowledge of the tools and techniques that are required to implement and develop solutions for the problems faced by the aviation industry.

Is an Executive MBA in Aviation Management a good option?

For professionals who have been in the industry for a long time and want to upscale their career by completing an MBA, Executive MBA in Aviation is the best option. Students can opt for the course after 5-6 years in their professional career. 

 

Can I do MBA in Aviation Management after B.Com?

Yes, it is possible to do MBA in Aviation Management after B. Com. Students from any stream with at least 50% marks in graduation can pursue the course. Moreover, knowledge of commerce and finances will be helpful to understand management principles and dynamics. 

What is the scope of an MBA in Aviation Management?

The scope of an MBA in Aviation Management as graduates get opportunities to work for various aerospace, airlines and airport authorities. Several national and international players in the aviation market provide a wide range of job opportunities. 

Which entrance exams are required for MBA in Aviation Management?

The entrance exams required for MBA in Aviation Management are CAT, XAT, MAT, GMAT, SNAP and ATMA. There are other state-level tests conducted by various states and universities which students can take to get admission to MBA courses. It is imperative to score above the cut-off decided by the business schools to get admission.

What is the selection process for MBA in Aviation Management?

The selection process for MBA in Aviation Management includes clearing the entrance exam. Then they will have to appear for GD and PI rounds. Some universities also conduct a Writing Ability Test and the final selection list will be released after that. 

What is the average salary earned after MBA in Aviation Management?

The average salary earned after MBA in Aviation Management is between INR 5,00,000 to 20,00,000. Those students who have prior experience in this sector can start at a higher salary level after completion of an MBA. As the potential of this sector is high, there is always a requirement for highly trained professionals and they are paid due compensation for their contributions. 

Who should choose MBA in Aviation Management?

MBA in Aviation Management must be pursued by students who have an interest in airlines and airport management. It prepares them for a career in managerial and leadership roles related to various operations in the aviation management sector. Also, aspirants who want to bring changes in the industry by tapping the huge market can take up this MBA specialisation.

What is the duration of MBA in Aviation Management?

The duration of an MBA in Aviation Management is 2 years. You must remember that the time taken for MBA in distance, part-time and online mode may be more than 2 years. It may even take 3 to 4 years to complete. 

What is the average fee for the course MBA in Aviation Management?

The average fee for MBA in Aviation Management is INR 6,00,000 per year. The fees generally start from INR 3,00,000 and can go up to INR 10,00,000. Though the fees are high, the return on investment (ROI) is relatively more attractive when compared to other master’s courses.

Can I pursue MBA in Aviation Management after 12th?

No, you cannot pursue MBA in Aviation Management after 12th as it is a postgraduate degree. Students need to complete a bachelor's degree in any stream in order to get admission to the course. Apart from that, qualifying for an entrance exam is required by most universities. 

Can I get direct admission to MBA in Aviation Management?

Though most business schools offer admission through entrance tests, there are certain universities that do not require entrance exam test scores. Instead, students get admission on the basis of their scores in undergraduate studies and professional experience. Also, the universities evaluate the overall candidate profile before granting admission.
 

Who are the top recruiters of MBA in Aviation Management graduates?

The top recruiters of MBA in Aviation Management graduates are GMR, Lufthansa, British Airways, Jordanian, Spice Jet, Emirates, Indigo and etc. There are other national and international aircraft companies that recruit graduates with Aviation Management degrees.

What are the job roles open after MBA in Aviation Management?

The job roles that are open after MBA in Aviation Management are Cargo Supervisors, Airline Station Agents, Management Trainees, Flight Dispatchers, Station Attendants, Crew Schedule Coordinators, Cabin Crew, Ground Staff and etc. All the job roles fetch attractive salaries. 

What is the minimum percentage required for MBA in Aviation Management?

The minimum percentage required for MBA in Aviation Management varies according to the business schools to which you are seeking admission. Most universities require students to have at least 50% in Bachelors while others have higher requirements. It is advised to check the university website before applying.

What is the admission procedure for MBA in Aviation Management?

Graduates have to appear for entrance examinations for MBA in Aviation Management. Once the test results are out, the colleges and universities call students for group discussions and personal interviews. Finally, a merit list of the selected candidates is declared and they can pay the fees to book their seats. 

What are the industries where you can serve with MBA in Aviation Management?

The industries to serve with an MBA in Aviation Management are airlines, airplanes, transportation, courier and mail, freight forwarding, food and grocery, hospitality and hotel, international trade and tourism sectors. So you can see that the scope of an MBA in Aviation Management is huge. 

Why should you choose MBA in Aviation Management?

You should choose MBA in Aviation Management as there is a huge demand for management professionals in this sector. Besides, the industry is generating lakhs of jobs every year. The course is a unique combination of classroom teaching and practical training that makes you a preferred candidate in front of your employer.

What is the course curriculum of the MBA in Aviation Management?

The course curriculum of the MBA in Aviation Management includes project work, industry visits, guest lectures, conferences and seminars. Additionally, training is provided on personality development, foreign language, first aid training and computer application. There are other training programmes related to ditching, Galileo software training, emergency exit, smoke and live fire training and etc. 

What is MBA in Aviation Management?

MBA in Aviation Management is a unique and well-structured programme aimed to build future managers in the aviation industry. The course curriculum is designed to equip students with specialised knowledge and training in areas such as fleet management, ground handling, safety and security, cargo, customer service and medical tourism.

Show Less

Related Questions

r

riya, Student / Alumni

-Answered on Sept-08-2023
Yes. you are eligible. At LPU the eligibility for the program is pass with 55% aggregate marks in any discipline. LPUNEST and interview are mandatory. Mittal school of business, which attracts students from various parts of the world.
r

riya, Student / Alumni

-Answered on July-10-2023
Building a career in aerospace engineering or aeronautical engineering is great. There are many specific and niche areas that a person can think of mastering. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in aviation, defense systems, and spacecraft. Aerospace engineering focuses on designing both aircraft and spacecraft and it is a study of all the space crafts used within and out of the earth's atmosphere. If you pursue a course in aerospace engineering it will enhance your knowledge about both aeronautics and astronautics, you will not only learn about aircraft but also about spacecraft. The one who possesses the dexterity to survive will be paid well. In India, the major set of the employer is from Public Sector namely, HAL, ISRO, ADA, ADE, DRDO, and NAL. There are private companies like Tata Advanced Systems, Taneja Aerospace, Mahindra Aerospace, L&T, Design offices of multinationals like General Electric, Boeing, Airbus, etc. Have emerged out providing significant growth and opportunities to the engineers. Lovely Professional University is catering to this programme with a wide-open vision and efforts. B.Tech Aerospace at LPU is designed for learners who intend to design aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and missiles. In addition, these engineers test prototypes to make sure that they function according to plans. These professionals also design components and sub-assemblies for these craft like engines, airframes, wings. To facilitate the students, LPU sets up the Center for Space Research with Mission Control facility as well.
a

ankita, Student / Alumni

-Answered on Apr-25-2023
In LPU students can opt two specialisations it is dual specialisation course. So, students can opt any two specialization from almost 24 or + options. It is two year programme, in which first year in general and in second year specialisation come. There is related programmes are like, tie- up programmes, international credit transfer programmes and you can opt MBA in specific specialization like hospital and healthcare management, international business and tourism and hospitality. I hope this information is helpful for you.

Skills Required for MBA in Aviation Management

The jobs in the aviation sector require high levels of competence because of the technical nature of the industry as well as other cost and safety-related implications. Therefore appropriate professional skillsets are necessary to tackle everyday activities as an MBA in Aviation Management graduate. A comprehensive mix of both hard and soft skills that include technical knowledge and excellent organisational skills and the ability to operate well under pressure. Students may consider cultivating and honing the following skills to excel as aviation managers and executives:

  • Interpersonal Skills: An aviation personnel should be great at interacting with people. They work with industry professionals and stakeholders and must have interpersonal skills such as empathy and compassion that will help them succeed.
  • Communication Skills: As a manager, it is very crucial to have confidence and the ability to convey directions to others therefore verbal as well as written communication skills should be excellent. 
  • Customer Service Skills: It is necessary to prioritise the needs and demands of the customers and respond to their queries and problems helps to develop good client relationships and develop the reputation of the organisation.
  • Dependability: This is an important feature that makes one accountable for the activities and helps others to depend on them for various activities. It will build trust with your customers as well as with your team members.
  • Problem-Solving Abilities: The dynamic aviation industry faces new challenges every day. It is extremely necessary to have a good grasp of industry-specific facts that makes solving problems easier. One must also follow others and see how they are facing tough situations and learn to implement similar strategies in their work.
Show Less