Section I – BOTANY
|
Unit 1: Genetics and Evolution
|
Chapter 1 - Genetic Basis of Inheritance
| -
Mendelian inheritance. Deviations from Mendelian ratio (gene interaction incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups), Pleiotropy, Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance.
|
Chapter 2 - Gene: its nature, expression, and regulation
| -
The modern concept of the gene is brief-cistron, muton, and recon. DNA as genetic material, the structure of DNA as given by Watson and Crick's model, DNA Packaging, semi-conservative replication of eukaryotic DNA.
-
RNA: General structure, types, and functions.
-
Protein Synthesis; central dogma, Transcription; Translation-Genetic Code,
-
Gene Expression and Gene Regulation (The Lac operon as a typical model of gene regulation)
|
Unit 2: Biotechnology and its Application
|
Chapter 3 - Biotechnology: Process and Application
| -
Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology):
-
Transposons, Plasmids, Bacteriophages; Producing Restriction Fragments, Preparing and cloning a DNA Library, Gene Amplification (PCR).
-
Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture – BT crops
-
Biosafety Issues (Biopiracy and patents)
|
Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare
|
Chapter 4 - Enhancement in Food Production
| -
Plant Breeding
-
Tissue Culture: Concept of Cellular
-
Totipotency, Requirements of Tissue Culture (in brief),
-
Callus Culture, Suspension Culture.
-
Single Cell Protein.
-
Biofortification.
|
Chapter 5 - Microbes in Human Welfare
| -
Microbes in Household Food Processing.
-
Microbes in Industrial Production.
-
Microbes in Sewage Treatment.
-
Microbes in Biogas (energy) Production.
-
Microbes as Biocontrol Agents.
-
Microbes as Biofertilizers.
|
Unit 4: Plant Physiology
|
Chapter 6 - Photosynthesis
| -
Autotrophic nutrition
-
Site of Photosynthesis
-
Photosynthetic Pigments and their Role.
-
Light-dependent reactions (Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation)
-
Light-Independent Reactions (C3 and C4 Pathways)
-
Chemiosmotic hypothesis, Photorespiration, and Factors affecting Photosynthesis.
-
Law of Limiting Factors
|
Chapter 7 - Respiration
| -
ATP as the currency of Energy
-
Mechanism of Aerobic (Glycolysis, TCA
-
Cycle, and Electron Transport System) and Anaerobic Respiration.
-
Fermentation
-
Exchange of gases
-
Amphibolic pathway. The respiratory quotient of Nutrients.
-
Significance of Respiration
|
Unit 5: Reproduction in Organisms
|
Chapter 8 - Reproduction in Plants
| -
Modes of Reproduction (Asexual and Sexual).
-
Asexual reproduction; uniparental modes vegetative propagation, micropropagation
-
Sexual Reproduction: structure of flower
-
Development of male gametophyte,
-
Structure of anatropous ovule.
-
Development of female Gametophyte.
-
Pollination: Types and Agencies.
-
Outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction.
-
Double Fertilization: Process and Significance.
-
Post-fertilization changes (development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed, and formation of fruit)
-
Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony. Significance of seed and fruit formation
|
Unit 6: Ecology and Environment
|
Chapter 9: Organisms and Environment -I: Habitat and Niche
| -
Ecosystems: Patterns, components, productivity and composition, energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and
-
phosphorous).
-
Ecological succession, Ecological services carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen
-
release. Environmental issues: agrochemicals and their effects, solid waste
-
management, Greenhouse effect and global warming, ozone depletion, deforestation, case studies (any two).
|
Section II - ZOOLOGY
|
Unit 1: Genetics and Evolution
|
Chapter 10 - Origin and the Evolution of Life
| -
Origin of Life: Early Earth, Spontaneous,
-
assembly of organic compounds,
-
Evolution: Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic Theory of evolution, Biological Evidences, Mechanism of evolution; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy Weinberg principle; Adaptive radiation. Origin and Evolution of Human Beings
|
Chapter 11 - Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
| -
The Chromosomal Theory.
-
Chromosomes.
-
Linkage and Crossing Over.
-
Sex-linked Inheritance (Haemophilia and color blindness).
-
Sex Determination in Human being, birds, honey bee.Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia. Chromosomal disorders in humans: Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, and Klinfelter’s
-
syndrome.
|
Unit 2: Biotechnology and its Application
|
Chapter 12- Genetic Engineering and Genomics
| -
DNA Finger Printing.
-
Genomics and Human Genome Project.
-
Biotechnological Applications in Health:
-
Human insulin and vaccine production,
-
Gene Therapy. Transgenic animals
|
Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare
|
Chapter 13- Human Health and Diseases
| -
Concepts of Immunology: Immunity Types, Vaccines,
-
Structure of Antibody, Antigen-Antibody
-
Complex, Antigens on blood cells.
-
Pathogens and Parasites (Amoebiasis, Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, and ringworm).
-
Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
-
Cancer and AIDS.
|
Chapter 14- Animal Husbandry
| -
Management of Farms and Farm Animals. Dairy. Poultry. Animal Breeding. Bee-Keeping. Fisheries. Sericulture Lac culture
|
Unit 4: Human Physiology
|
Chapter 15- Circulation
| -
Blood composition and coagulation, Blood groups.
-
Structure and pumping action of Heart.
-
Blood Vessels.
-
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation.
-
Heart beat and Pulse. Rhythmicity of Heart beat. Cardiac output, Regulation of cardiac activity.
-
Blood-related disorders: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and heart failure.
-
ECG, Lymphatic System (Brief idea):
-
Composition of lymph and its functions.
|
Chapter 16- Excretion and osmoregulation
| -
Modes of excretion-Ammonotelism,
-
ureotelism, uricotelism.
-
Excretory System.
-
Composition and formation of urine.
-
Role of Kidney in Osmoregulation.
-
Regulation of kidney function: renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor,
-
ADH and Diabetes inspidus, the role of other organs in excretion.
-
Disorders; Kidney failure, Dialysis, Kidney stone (renal calculi). Transplantation.
-
Uraemia, nephritis.
|
Chapter 17- Control and Coordination
| -
Nervous System
-
Structure and functions of brain and
-
Spinal cord, brief idea about PNS and ANS.
-
Transmission of nerve impulse.
-
Reflex action.
-
Sensory receptors (eye and ear), Sensory perception, and the general idea of other sense organs.
-
Endocrine System
-
Endocrine glands
-
Hormones and their functions
-
Mechanism of hormone action.
-
Hormones as messengers and regulators.
-
Hormonal imbalance and diseases:
-
Common disorders (Dwarfism,
-
Acromegaly, cretinism, goiter,
-
exophthalmic goiter, Diabetes mellitus, Addison’s disease)
|
Unit 5: Reproduction in Organisms
|
Chapter 18- Human Reproduction
| -
Reproductive system in male and female.
-
Histology of testis and ovary. Reproductive cycle.
-
Production of gametes, fertilization, implantation.
-
Embryo development up to three germinal layers.
-
Pregnancy, placenta, parturition, and
-
lactation (Elementary idea).
-
Reproductive health-birth control,
-
Contraception, and sexually transmitted Diseases.
-
MTP, Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
|
Unit 6: Ecology and Environment
|
Chapter 19- Organisms and Environment-II
| -
Population and ecological adaptations: population interactions,
-
competition, predation, parasitism,
-
population attributes- growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
-
Biodiversity and its conservation
-
Biodiversity- concept, patterns, importance, loss. Threats to and need for biodiversity conservation, Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, red data book, biosphere reserves, national parks, and sanctuaries. Environmental issues: air pollution and its control, water pollution and its control, and radioactive waste management. (Case studies any two)
|