GATE Life Sciences (XL) Syllabus 2024: PDF Download, List of Chapters and Topics: PDF Download, List of Chapters and Topics

Life Sciences Syllabus of GATE 2024

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Atomic Structure and Periodicity

Planck’s Quantum Theory, Wave Particle Duality, Uncertainty Principle, Comparison Between Bohr’s

Model And Quantum Mechanical Model Of Hydrogen Atom, Electronic Configuration Of Atoms And Ions. Hund’s Rule And Pauli’s Exclusion Principle.

Periodic Table And Periodic Properties: Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity, Electronegativity And Atomic Size.

• Periodic Table and Periodic Properties
• Hund’s Rule and Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

Structure and Bonding

Ionic And Covalent Bonding, MO And VB Approaches For Diatomic Molecules, Vsepr Theory And Shape Of Molecules, Hybridization, Resonance, Dipole Moment, Structure Parameters Such As Bond Length, Bond Angle And Bond Energy, Hydrogen Bonding And Van Der Waals Interactions. Ionic Solids, Ionic Radii And Lattice Energy (Born‐Haber Cycle). HSAB Principle

• MO and VB Approaches for Diatomic Molecules
• VSEPR Theory and Shape of Molecules
• Resonance
• HSAB Principle

s, p and d Block Elements

Oxides, Halides And Hydrides Of Alkali, Alkaline Earth Metals, B, Al, Si, N, P, And S. General

Characteristics Of 3d Elements.

Coordination Complexes: Valence Bond And Crystal Field Theory, Color, Geometry, Magnetic Properties And Isomerism

• General

Characteristics of 3D Elements

• Coordination Complexes

Chemical Equilibria

Osmotic Pressure, Elevation Of Boiling Point And Depression Of Freezing Point, Ionic Equilibria In

Solution, Solubility Product, Common Ion Effect, Hydrolysis Of Salts, Ph, Buffer And Their Applications.

Equilibrium Constants (Kc, Kp And Kx) For Homogeneous Reactions

• Hydrolysis Of Salts
• Equilibrium Constants (Kc, Kp And Kx) For Homogeneous Reactions
• Common Ion Effect

Electrochemistry

Conductance, Kohlrausch Law, Cell Potentials, EMF, Nernst Equation, Thermodynamic Aspects And

Their Applications

• Kohlrausch Law
• EMF
• Nernst Equation

Reaction Kinetics

Rate Constant, Order Of Reaction, Molecularity, Activation Energy, Zero, First And Second Order

Kinetics, Catalysis And Elementary Enzyme Reactions. Reversible And Irreversible Inhibition Of Enzymes

• Molecularity
• First And Second Order Kinetics
• Catalysis And Elementary Enzyme Reactions

Thermodynamics

Qualitative Treatment Of State And Path Functions, First Law, Reversible And Irreversible Processes,

Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Kirchhoff Equation, Heat Of Reaction, Hess’s Law, Heat Of Formation.

Second Law, Entropy And Free Energy. Gibbs‐helmholtz Equation, Free Energy Change And Spontaneity, Free Energy Changes From Equilibrium Constant

• Reversible And Irreversible Processes
• Enthalpy
• Kirchhoff Equation
• Heat Of Reaction
• Hess’s Law
• Free Energy Change And Spontaneity

Structure-Reactivity Correlations and Organic Reaction Mechanisms

Acids And Bases, Electronic And Steric Effects, Stereochemistry, Optical And Geometrical Isomerism, Tautomerism, Conformers And Concept Of Aromaticity. Elementary Treatment Of SN1, SN2, E1, E2 And Radical Reactions, Hofmann / Saytzeff Rules, Addition Reactions, Markownikoff Rule And Kharasch Effect. Elementary Hydroboration Reactions. Grignard’s Reagents And Their Uses. Aromatic Electrophilic Substitutions, Orientation Effect As Exemplified By Various Functional Groups.

Identification Of Common Functional Groups By Chemical Tests

• Tautomerism
• Elementary Treatment Of SN1, SN2, E1, E2 And Radical Reactions
• Hofmann / Saytzeff Rules
• Markownikoff Rule And Kharasch Effect
• Aromatic Electrophilic Substitutions

Chemistry of Biomolecules

Amino Acids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids And Nucleotides. Peptide Sequencing By Chemical And Enzymatic Proteolytic Methods. DNA Sequencing By Chemical And Enzymatic Methods.

Carbohydrates (Upto Hexoses Only). Lipids (Triglycerides Only). Principles Of Biomolecule Purification-Ion Exchange And Gel Filtration Chromatography. Identification Of These Biomolecules And Beer-Lambert’s Law

• DNA Sequencing By Chemical And Enzymatic Methods
• Beer-Lambert’s Law
• Principles Of Biomolecule Purification-Ion Exchange And Gel Filtration Chromatography

Organization Of Life;

Importance Of Water;

Structure And Function Of Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins And Nucleic Acids

Protein Structure, Folding / Misfolding And Function

Myoglobin, Haemoglobin, Lysozyme, Ribonuclease A, Carboxypeptidase And Chymotrypsin

• Structure And Function Of Biomolecules
• Protein Structure

Enzyme Kinetics, Regulation And Inhibition; Vitamins And Coenzymes Bioenergetics And Metabolism

Generation And Utilisation Of ATP

Metabolic Pathways And Their Regulation: Glycolysis, Tca Cycle, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen And Fatty Acid Metabolism

Metabolism Of Nitrogen Containing Compounds: Nitrogen Fixation, Amino Acids And Nucleotides. Photosynthesis, Calvin Cycle

• Metabolism Of Nitrogen Containing Compounds
• Generation And Utilisation Of ATP
• Metabolic Pathways And Their Regulation

Biochemical Separation Techniques

Ion Exchange, Size Exclusion And Affinity Chromatography,

Centrifugation

Characterization Of Biomolecules By Electrophoresis

DNA Protein And Protein – Protein Interactions

UV-Visible And Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Mass Spectrometry

• Characterization Of Biomolecules By Electrophoresis
• UV-Visible And Fluorescence Spectroscopy
• Mass Spectrometry

Cell Structure And Organelles;

Biological Membranes;

Action Potential;

Transport Across Membranes;

Membrane Assembly And Protein Targeting;

Signal Transduction;

Receptor-Ligand Interaction;

Hormones And Neurotransmitters

• Biological Membranes
• Membrane Assembly And Protein Targeting
• Signal Transduction
• Receptor-Ligand Interaction

Dna Replication, Transcription And Translation

DNA Damage And Repair

Biochemical Regulation Of

Gene Expression

Recombinant DNA Technology And Applications: PCR, Site Directed Mutagenesis, DNA-Microarray

Next Generation Sequencing

Gene Silencing And Editing

• DNA Damage And Repair
• Recombinant DNA Technology And Applications
• Next Generation Sequencing
• Gene Silencing And Editing

Immune System

Innate And Adaptive

Cell Of The Immune System

Active And Passive Immunity

Complement System

Antibody Structure, Function And Diversity

B Cell And T Cell Receptors

B Cell And T Cell Activation

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Immunological Techniques: Immunodiffusion, Immune-Electrophoresis, RIA And ELISA, Flow Cytometry Monoclonal Antibodies And Their Applications

• Immunological Techniques
• B Cell And T Cell Receptors
• B Cell And T Cell Activation
• Active And Passive Immunity

Plant Systematics

Botanical Nomenclature, History Of Plant Taxonomy, Diversity And Classification Of Plants, APG

System Of Plant Classification

Phylogenetics And Cladistics, Molecular Taxonomy And DNA Barcoding

Centres For Plant Taxonomy And Herbaria In India

• Phylogenetics And Cladistics
• DNA Barcoding
• Centres For Plant Taxonomy And Herbaria In India

Plant Anatomy

Anatomy Of Root, Stem And Leaves, Floral Organs, Embryo And Young Seedlings, Primary And Secondary Meristems, Stellar Organization, Vascular System And Their Ontogeny, Xylem And Phloem Structure, Secondary Growth In Plants And Wood Anatomy, Plant Cell Structure And Differences From Animal Cells

• Embryo And Young Seedlings
• Vascular System And Their Ontogeny
• Xylem And Phloem Structure
• Plant Cell Structure And Differences From Animal Cells

Plant Development; Cell and Tissue Morphogenesis

Life Cycle Of An Angiosperm, Development Of Male And Female Gametophyte

Cell Fate Determination

And Tissue Patterning

Spacing Mechanisms In Trichomes And Stomata

Embryogenesis, Organization And Function Of Shoot And Root Apical Meristems

Transition To Flowering: Photoperiodism And Vernalization, ABC Model Of Floral Organ Patterning, Pollen Germination, Double Fertilisation, Seed Development;

Xylem And Phloem Cell Differentiation, Photomorphogenesis

Phytochrome, Cryptochrome, Phototropin

Role Of Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellins, And Brassinosteroids On Plant Development

• Phytochrome, Cryptochrome, Phototropin
• Development Of Male And Female Gametophyte
• Transition To Flowering
• Embryogenesis, Organization And Function Of Shoot And Root Apical Meristems

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

Plant water relations, Mechanisms Of Uptake And Transport Of Water, Ions, Solutes From Soil To Plants, Apoplastic And Symplastic Transport Mechanisms

Mechanism Of Stomatal Movements, Nitrogen Metabolism, Photosynthesis

C3, C4 And Cam Cycles, Photorespiration, Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA Cycle And Electron Transport Chain

Plant Responses And Mechanisms Of Abiotic Stresses Including Drought, Salinity, Freezing And Heat Stress, Metal Toxicity

Role Of Abscisic Acid In Abiotic Stresses

Structure And Function Of Biomolecules (Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acid), Enzyme Kinetics

Structure And Biosynthesis Of Major Plant Secondary Metabolites (Alkaloids, Terpenes, Phenylpropanoids, Flavonoids)

Biosynthesis, Mechanism Of Action And Physiological Effects Of Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellic Acids, Brassinosteroid, Ethylene, Strigolactone, Abscisic Acid, Salicylic And Jasmonic Acid.

Senescence And Programmed Cell Death

• Apoplastic And Symplastic Transport Mechanisms
• Nitrogen Metabolism Photosynthesis
• C3, C4 And Cam Cycles, Photorespiration, Respiration
• Structure And Function Of Biomolecules
• Brassinosteroid
• Senescence And Programmed Cell Death

Genetics and Genomics

Cell Cycle And Cell Division

Principles Of Mendelian Inheritance, Linkage, Recombination, Genetic

Mapping

Extra Chromosomal Inheritance

Introduction To Epigenetics

Gene Silencing- Transgene Silencing, Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing, miRNA And siRNA

Evolution And Organization Of Eukaryotic Genome Structure, Gene Expression, Gene Mutation And Repair, Chromosomal Aberrations (Numerical: Euploidy And Aneuploidy And Structural: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation), Transposons

Model Organisms For Functional Genetics And Genomics

Introduction To Transcriptomics, Proteomics And Metabolomics

• Principles Of Mendelian Inheritance
• Extra Chromosomal Inheritance
• Introduction To Epigenetics
• Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing
• miRNA And siRNA
• Gene Expression
• Gene Mutation And Repair Chromosomal Aberrations
• Transposons

Plant Breeding, Genetic Modification, Genome Editing

Principles, Methods – Selection, Hybridization, Heterosis

Male Sterility, Genetic Maps And Molecular Markers, Embryo Rescue, Haploid And Doubled Haploids

Plant Tissue Culture: Micropropagation, Embryo Culture And In Vitro Regeneration, Somatic Embryogenesis, Artificial Seed, Cryopreservation, Somaclonal Variation, Somatic Cell Hybridization, Marker-Assisted Selection, Gene Transfer Methods Viz. Direct And Vector-Mediated, Generation Of Transgenic Plants

Introduction To Genome Editing: CRISPR/Cas9, Cre-Lox System To Generate Chimaeras

Plastid Transformation

Chemical Mutagenesis

• Introduction To Genome Editing
• Chemical Mutagenesis
• Embryo Rescue
• Hybridisation

Economic and Applied Botany

A General Account Of Economically And Medicinally Important Plants- Cereals, Pulses, Plants Yielding Fibres, Timber, Sugar, Beverages, Oils, Rubber, Pigments, Dyes, Gums, Drugs And Narcotics

Economic Importance Of Algae, Fungi, Lichen And Bacteria.

Major Indian Cash Crops.

Effect Of Industrialization On Agricultural Botany Such As Plastic On Fiber Economy.

Genetically Modified Crops And Its Regulation Eg. Bt Cotton, Bt Brinjal Golden Rice etc

• General Account Of Economically And Medicinally Important Plants
• Economic Importance Of Algae, Fungi, Lichen And Bacteria
• Genetically Modified Crops And Its Regulation

Plant Pathology

Nature And Classification Of Plant Diseases, Diseases Of Important Crops Caused By Fungi, Bacteria,

Nematodes And Viruses, And Their Control Measures (Chemical And Biological) Mechanism (s) Of Pathogenesis, Resistance: Basal, Systemic, Induced Systemic Resistance, Gene For Gene Concept

Molecular Detection Of Pathogens; Plant-Microbe Interactions: Symbionts And Mycorrhiza, Pathogens And Pests

Signalling Pathways In Plant Defence Response

Salicylic Acid (Sa) And Jasmonic Acid (Ja) In Plant-Pathogen And Plant-Herbivore Interaction, Necrosis

Host-Parasitic Plant Interaction (Such As Cuscuta)

• Plant-Microbe Interactions
• Molecular Detection Of Pathogens
• Salicylic Acid (Sa) And Jasmonic Acid (Ja) In Plant-Pathogen And Plant-Herbivore Interaction
• Necrosis

Ecology and Environment

Ecosystems – Types, Dynamics, Degradation, Biogeochemical Cycles, Ecological Succession

Food Webs And Energy Flow Through Ecosystem

Vegetation Types Of The World, Indian Vegetation Types And Biogeographical Zones, Climate And Flora Endemism

Pollution And Global Climate Change, Speciation And Extinction, Biodiversity And Conservation Strategies, Ecological Hotspots, Afforestation, Habitat Restoration

Plant Interactions With Other Organisms

Epiphytes, Parasites And Endophytes

• Food Webs And Energy Flow Through Ecosystem
• Pollution And Global Climate Change
• Habitat Restoration
• Epiphytes, Parasites And Endophytes
• Climate And Flora Endemism

Historical Perspective

Discovery Of Microbial World;

Landmark Discoveries Relevant To The Field Of Microbiology;

Controversy Over Spontaneous Generation;

Role Of Microorganisms In Transformation Of Organic Matter And In The Causation Of Diseases

• Landmark Discoveries Relevant To The Field Of Microbiology
• Role Of Microorganisms In Transformation Of Organic Matter And In The Causation Of Diseases

Methods in Microbiology

Pure Culture Techniques

Principles Of Microbial Nutrition

Enrichment Culture Techniques For

Isolation Of Microorganisms

Antigen And Antibody Detection Methods For Microbial Diagnosis

Light-Phase Contrast, Fluorescence And Electron-Microscopy

PCR, Real-Time PCR For Quantitation Of Microbes

Next Generation Sequencing Technologies In Microbiology

• Next Generation Sequencing Technologies In Microbiology
• Pure Culture Techniques
• PCR, Real-Time PCR For Quantitation Of Microbes
• Light-Phase Contrast, Fluorescence And Electron-Microscopy

Microbial Taxonomy and Diversity

Bacteria, Archaea And Their Broad Classification;

Eukaryotic Microbes: Yeasts, Moulds And Protozoa;

Viruses And Their Classification;

Molecular Approaches To Microbial Taxonomy And Phylogeny

• Eukaryotic Microbes
• Molecular Approaches To Microbial Taxonomy And Phylogeny
• Viruses And Their Classification

Prokaryotic Cells: Structure and Function

Prokaryotic Cells: Cell Walls, Cell Membranes And Their Biosynthesis, Mechanisms Of Solute

Transport Across Membranes, Flagella And Pili, Capsules, Cell Inclusions Like Endospores And Gas Vesicles

Bacterial Locomotion, Including Positive And Negative Chemotaxis

Bacterial Locomotion, Including Positive And Negative Chemotaxis

Microbial Growth

Definition Of Growth;

Growth Curve

Mathematical Expression Of Exponential Growth Phase

Measurement Of Growth And Growth Yields

Synchronous Growth

Continuous Culture

Effect Of Environmental Factors On Growth

Bacterial Biofilm And Biofouling

• Mathematical Expression Of Exponential Growth Phase
• Continuous Culture
• Bacterial Biofilm And Biofouling

Control of Microorganisms

Disinfection And Sterilisation: Principles, Methods And Assessment Of Efficacy

Microbial Metabolism

Energetics: Redox Reactions And Electron Carriers

Electron Transport And Oxidative Phosphorylation

An Overview Of Metabolism

Glycolysis

Pentose-Phosphate Pathway

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

Glyoxylate Pathway

The Citric Acid Cycle

Fermentation

Aerobic And Anaerobic Respiration

Chemolithotrophy

Photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle

Biosynthetic Pathway For Fatty Acids Synthesis

Common Regulatory Mechanisms In Synthesis Of Amino Acids

Regulation Of Major Metabolic Pathways

• Electron Transport And Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Pentose-Phosphate Pathway
• Chemolithotrophy
• Calvin Cycle
• Regulation Of Major Metabolic Pathways
• Glycolysis

Microbial Diseases and Host Pathogen Interaction

Normal Microbiota

Classification Of Infectious Diseases

Reservoirs Of Infection

Nosocomial Infection

Opportunistic Infections

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Mechanism Of Microbial Pathogenicity

Nonspecific Defence Of Host

Antigens And Antibodies

Humoral And Cell Mediated Immunity

Vaccines

Passive Immunisation

Immune Deficiency

Human Diseases Caused By Viruses, Bacteria, And Pathogenic Fungi

• Passive Immunisation
• Immune Deficiency
• Emerging Infectious Diseases
• Reservoirs Of Infection
• Mechanism Of Microbial Pathogenicity
• Nosocomial Infection
• Vaccines

Chemotherapy / Antibiotics

General Characteristics Of Antimicrobial Drugs

Antibiotics: Classification Molecular Mechanism Of

Mode Of Action And Resistance

Antifungal And Antiviral Drugs

Antifungal And Antiviral Drugs

Microbial Genetics

Types Of Mutation

UV And Chemical Mutagens

Selection Of Mutants

Ames Test For Mutagenesis

Bacterial Genetic System: Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction, Recombination, Plasmids, Transposons

DNA Repair

Regulation Of Gene Expression: Repression And Induction

Operon Model

Bacterial Genome With Special Reference To E.Coli

Phage Λ And Its Life Cycle

RNA

Mutation In Virus Genomes, Virus Recombination And Reassortment

Basic Concept Of Microbial Genomics

• Ames Test For Mutagenesis
• Bacterial Genetic System
• Operon Model
• Phage Λ And Its Life Cycle
• Virus Recombination And Reassortment
• DNA Repair

Microbial Ecology

Microbial Interactions

Carbon, Sulphur And Nitrogen Cycles

Soil Microorganisms Associated With Vascular Plants

Bioremediation

Uncultivable Microorganisms

Basic Concept Of Metagenomics And Metatranscriptomics

• Carbon, Sulphur And Nitrogen Cycles
• Bioremediation
• Basic Concept Of Metagenomics And Metatranscriptomics

Animal Diversity

Distribution, Systematics And Classification Of Animals, Phylogenetic Relationships (Based On

Classical And Molecular Phylogenetic Tools)

Evolution

Origin And History Of Life On Earth, Theories Of Evolution, Natural Selection, Adaptation, Speciation

• Theories Of Evolution
• Speciation

Genetics

Basic Principles Of Inheritance, Molecular Basis Of Heredity, Sex Determination And Sex-Linked

Characteristics, Cytoplasmic Inheritance, Linkage, Recombination And Mapping Of Genes In Eukaryotes, Population Genetics, Genetic Disorders, Roles Of Model Organisms In Understanding Genetic Principles

• Recombination And Mapping Of Genes In Eukaryotes
• Genetic Disorders
• Sex Determination And Sex-Linked
• Characteristics

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids And Carbohydrates

Replication, Transcription And Translation, Krebs

Cycle, Glycolysis, Enzyme Catalysis, Hormones And Their Actions, Roles Of Vitamins And Minerals

• Krebs Cycle
• Glycolysis
• Enzyme Catalysis

Cell Biology

Basic Principles Of Cellular Microscopy, Structure Of Cell, Cytoskeletal Organisation, Cellular Organelles And Their Structure And Function, Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Chromosomes And Chromatin Structure

• Cytoskeletal Organisation
• Cell Division
• Chromosomes And Chromatin Structure

Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic Genome Organisation And Regulation Of Gene Expression, Transposable Elements

Animal Anatomy and Physiology

Comparative Physiology, The Respiratory System, Muscular System, Circulatory System, Digestive System, The Nervous System, The Excretory System, The Endocrine System, The Reproductive System, The Skeletal System

Parasitology and Immunology

Nature Of Parasite, Host-Parasite Relation, Protozoan and Helminthic Parasites, The Immune

Response, Cellular And Humoral Immune Response

• Host-Parasite Relation
• Cellular And Humoral Immune Response

Development Biology

Gametogenesis, Embryonic Development, Cellular Differentiation, Organogenesis, Metamorphosis,

Model Organisms Used In Developmental Biology, Genetic And Molecular Basis Of Development, Stem Cells

• Genetic And Molecular Basis Of Development
• Cellular Differentiation
• Organogenesis

Ecology

The Ecosystem, Animal Distribution, Ecological Niche And Its Contribution To Ecological Diversity, The Food Chain, Population Dynamics, Species Diversity, Zoogeography, Biogeochemical Cycles, Conservation Biology, Ecotoxicology

• Food Chain
• Zoogeography
• Biogeochemical Cycles
• Niche and its Contribution To Ecological Diversity

Animal Behaviour

Type of Behaviours, Courtship, Mating and Territoriality, Instinct, Learning and Memory, Social

Behaviour Across The Animal Taxa, Communication, Pheromones, Evolution of Behaviour In Animals

• Social Behaviour Across The Animal Taxa
• Pheromones
• Mating and Territoriality

Food Chemistry and Nutrition

Carbohydrates: Structure And Functional Properties Of Mono-, Oligo-, & Poly- Saccharides Including

Starch, Cellulose, Pectic Substances And Dietary Fibre, Gelatinization And Retrogradation Of Starch

Proteins: Classification And Structure Of Proteins In Food, Biochemical Changes In Post Mortem And Tenderization Of Muscles

Lipids: Classification And Structure Of Lipids, Rancidity, Polymerization And Polymorphism

Pigments: Carotenoids, Chlorophylls, Anthocyanins, Tannins And Myoglobin

Food Flavours: Terpenes, Esters, Aldehydes, Ketones And Quinones

Enzymes: Specificity, Simple And Inhibition Kinetics, Coenzymes, Enzymatic And Non- Enzymatic Browning

Nutrition: Balanced Diet, Essential Amino Acids And Essential Fatty Acids, Protein Efficiency Ratio, Water Soluble And Fat Soluble Vitamins, Role Of Minerals In Nutrition, Co-Factors, Anti-Nutrients, Nutraceuticals, Nutrient

Deficiency Diseases

Chemical And Biochemical Changes: Changes Occur In Foods During Different Processing

• Carbohydrates: Structure And Functional Properties Of Mono-, Oligo-, & Poly- Saccharides Including
• Starch, Pectic Substances And Dietary Fibre, Gelatinization And Retrogradation Of Starch
• Proteins: Classification And Structure Of Proteins In Food, Biochemical Changes In Post Mortem And Tenderization Of Muscles
• Lipids: Classification And Structure Of Lipids, Rancidity, Polymerization And Polymorphism
• Food Flavours: Terpenes, Esters, Aldehydes, Ketones And Quinones
• Enzymes: Specificity, Simple And Inhibition Kinetics, Coenzymes
• Nutrition: Balanced Diet, Protein Efficiency Ratio, Water Soluble And Fat Soluble Vitamins
• Chemical And Biochemical Changes: Changes Occur In Foods During Different Processing

Food Microbiology

Characteristics Of Microorganisms: Morphology Of Bacteria, Yeast, Mould And Actinomycetes, Spores And Vegetative Cells, Gram-Staining

Microbial Growth: Growth And Death Kinetics, Serial Dilution Technique

Food Spoilage: Spoilage Microorganisms In Different Food Products Including Milk, Fish, Meat, Egg, Cereals And Their Products

Toxins From Microbes: Pathogens And Non-Pathogens Including Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shebelle, Escherichia, Bacillus, Clostridium, And Aspergillums Genera

Fermented Foods And Beverages: Curd, Yoghurt, Cheese, Pickles, Soya Sauce, Sauerkraut, Idly, Dose, Vinegar, Alcoholic Beverages And Sausage

• Characteristics Of Microorganisms: Morphology Of Bacteria, Yeast, Mould And Actinomycetes
• Microbial Growth
• Toxins From Microbes

Food Products Technology

Processing Principles: Thermal Processing, Chilling, Freezing, Dehydration, Addition Of Preservatives And Food Additives, Irradiation, Fermentation, Hurdle Technology, Intermediate Moisture Foods

Food Packaging And Storage: Packaging Materials, Aseptic Packaging, Controlled And Modified Atmosphere Storage

Cereal Processing And Products: Milling Of Rice, Wheat, And Maize, Parboiling Of Paddy, Bread, Biscuits, Extruded Products And Ready To Eat Breakfast Cereals

Oil Processing: Expelling, Solvent Extraction, Refining And Hydrogenation

Fruits And Vegetables Processing: Extraction, Clarification, Concentration And Packaging Of Fruit Juice, Jam, Jelly, Marmalade, Squash, Candies, Tomato Sauce, Ketchup, And Puree, Potato Chips, Pickles

Plantation Crops Processing And Products: Tea, Coffee, Cocoa, Spice, Extraction Of Essential Oils And Oleoresins From Spices

Milk And Milk Products Processing: Pasteurisation And Sterilisation, Cream, Butter, Ghee, Ice- Cream, Cheese And Milk Powder

Processing Of Animal Products: Drying, Canning, And Freezing Of Fish And Meat; Production Of Egg Powder

Waste Utilisation: Pectin From Fruit Wastes, Uses Of By-Products From Rice Milling

Food Standards and Quality Maintenance: FPO, PFA, A-Mark, ISI, HACCP, Food Plant Sanitation and Cleaning in Place (CIP)

• Processing Principles: Freezing, Dehydration, Addition Of Preservatives And Food Additives, Irradiation, Fermentation, Hurdle Technology
• Food Packaging And Storage
• Cereal Processing And Products: Milling Of Rice, Wheat and Maize
• Oil Processing
• Fruits And Vegetables Processing: Extraction, Clarification, Concentration And Packaging Of Fruit Juice, Jam, Jelly, Marmalade, Squash, Candies
• Milk And Milk Products Processing: Pasteurisation And Sterilisation
• Processing Of Animal Products
• Food Standards and Quality Maintenance

Food Engineering

Mass And Energy Balance: Momentum Transfer: Flow Rate And Pressure Drop Relationships For Newtonian Fluids Flowing Through Pipe, Reynolds Number

Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer By

Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Heat Exchangers

Mass Transfer: Molecular Diffusion And Flick's

Law, Conduction And Convective Mass Transfer, Permeability Through Single And Multilayer Films

Mechanical Operations: Size Reduction Of Solids, High Pressure Homogenization, Filtration, Centrifugation, Settling, Sieving, Mixing & Agitation Of Liquid

Thermal Operations: Thermal

Sterilisation, Evaporation Of Liquid Foods, Hot Air Drying Of Solids, Spray And Freeze-Drying, Freezing And Crystallisation

Mass Transfer Operations: Psychometric, Humidification And Dehumidification

Operations

• Momentum Transfer: Flow Rate And Pressure Drop Relationships For Newtonian Fluids Flowing Through Pipe, Reynolds Number
• Heat Transfer: Heat Exchangers
• Mass Transfer: Molecular Diffusion And Flick's Law
• Thermal Operations: Thermal

Sterilisation, Evaporation Of Liquid Foods, Hot Air Drying Of Solids

• Mass Transfer Operations

Chemistry

Physical Chemistry

Physical Chemistry

Ira N. Levine

Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

Jonathan Clayden, Nick Greeves, Stuart Warren

Inorganic Chemistry

Principles of Inorganic Chemistry

Late B.R.Puri, L.R. Sharma, K.C.Kalia

Biochemistry

Biochemistry

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry

Nelson and Cox

Principles of Biochemistry

Voet, Pratt and Voet

Enzymes

Enzymes: Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Clinical Chemistry, 2/E

Trevor Palmer and Philip Bonner

Cellular Organization

Molecular Biology of the Cells

Bruce Alberts

The Cell: A Molecular Approach

Geoffrey M. Cooper, and Robert E. Hausman

Immunology

Immunology

Kuby

Essential Immunology

Ivan M. Roitt

Genetics

Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics

S.B. Primrose and R.M. Twyman

Principles of Genetics

Snustad

Botany

Botany

Plant Physiology

Taiz and Zeiger

Introductory Plant Biology

Stern

Ecology and Environment

Basic Ecology: Fundamentals of Ecology

Eugene P. Odum

Microbiology

Microbiology

Prescott

Microbiology

Pelczar

Zoology

Zoology

Animal Biology

Jurd

Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy - Function and Evolution

Kardong

Development Biology

Development Biology

Scott F. Gilbert

Food Technology

Nutrition

Advanced textbook on Food and Nutrition Vol. 1

Dr M. Swaminathan

Food Engineering

Processing and Food Engineering

M K Garg and Pritam Chandra

Fundamentals of Food Engineering

D G Rao

Food Chemistry

Food Chemistry

Meyer, Fenema

Food Products Technology

Outline of Dairy Technology

Sukumar Dey

Post Harvest Technology of Cereals and Pulses

Chakravarty