LPUNEST 2025 Syllabus for B.Tech Exam (Released) - Subject-wise syllabus, Download PDF

Unit 1 -  Laws Of Motion

• Force and Inertia, Newton’s First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion; Impulse; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications; equilibrium of concurrent forces.
• Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications

Unit 2 -  Work, Energy, And Power

• The potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces; Elastic & inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
• Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work energy theorem, power.

Unit 3 - Rotational Motion

• Moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion.
• Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications.

Unit 4 - Physics And Measurement

• Physics, technology and society, SI units, Fundamental and derived units. Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, measurement errors, Dimensions of Physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

Unit 5 - Kinematics

• Frame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, and relations for uniformly accelerated motion.
• Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity.
• Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

Unit 6 - Gravitation

• The universal law of gravitation.
• Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite.
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
• Geo-stationary satellites.

Unit 7 - Oscillations And Waves

• Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; Oscillations of a spring - restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M.: kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its period; Free, forced and damped oscillations.
• Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time.
• Resonance; Wave motion; Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave; Displacement relation for a progressive wave; Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves.
• Periodic functions.
• Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect in sound.

Unit 8 - Properties Of Solids And Liquids-I

• Bernoulli’s principle and its applications.
• Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s Law, Young’s modulus, Bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications. Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds number.
• Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat.
• Heat transfer conduction, convection and radiation, Newton’s law of cooling.
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise.

Unit 9 - Thermodynamics

• Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature. Heat, work and internal energy.
• Carnot engine and its efficiency.
• The first law of thermodynamics.
• The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

Unit 10 - Kinetic Theory Of Gases

• Kinetic energy and temperature: rms speed of gas molecules; Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path, Avogadro’s number.
• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas.
• Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure.

Unit 11 - Electrostatics-I

• Electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
• Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
• Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.

Unit 12 - Electrostatics-Ii

• Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.
• Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field.

Unit 13 - Current Electricity

• Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its applications.
• Electric current, Drift velocity, Ohm’s law, Electrical resistance, Resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors, Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity, Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance.
• Electric Cell and its internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and parallel.

Unit 14 - Magnetic Effects Of Current And Magnetism

• The force between two parallel current-carrying conductors- definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field; Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.
• Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop.
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment.
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
• Cyclotron.
• Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid.
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
• Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
• Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances.
• Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Hysteresis, Electromagnets and permanent magnets.

Unit 15 - Atoms And Nuclei

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.
• Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.
• Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.
• Radioactivity-alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.

Unit 16 - Dual Nature Of Matter And Radiation

• Dual nature of radiation.
• Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation.
• Davisson-Germer experiment.
• Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; particle nature of light.

Unit 17 - Optics-I

• Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, Total internal reflection and its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact.

Unit 18 - Optics-Ii

• Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.
• Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers, wavefront and Huygens’ principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle.
• Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
• Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width.

Unit19 - Electromagnetic Induction And Alternating Currents

• Self and mutual inductance.
• AC generator and transformer.
• Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits, wattles current.
• Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents.

Unit 20 - Electronic Devices

• Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator.
• Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Unit 21 - Electronic Devices-Ii

• Communication systems: Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation.
• Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).
• Transistor as a switch.

Unit 22 - Electromagnetic Waves

• Applications of e.m. waves.
• Reactance waves and their characteristics.
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays).
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.

Unit 23 - Communication Systems

• Need for modulation, Amplitude and Frequency Modulation, Bandwidth of signals, Bandwidth of Transmission medium, Basic Elements of a Communication System.

UNIT 1: Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

• Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis.
• Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

UNIT 2: States of Matter

• Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.
• Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws - Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of gases; Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, van der Waals equation, liquefaction of gases, critical constants.
• Liquid State: Properties of liquids - vapour pressure, viscosity surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).
• Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg’s Law and its applications; Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, an imperfection in solids; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.

UNIT 3:Atomic Structure

• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; Variation of Ψ and Ψ2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and filled orbitals.
• Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton and neutron); Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

UNIT 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

• Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
• Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
• Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.
• Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - Its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance.
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.

UNIT 5: Chemical Thermodynamics

• The first law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.
• Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, ΔGo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.
• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes.

UNIT 6: Solutions

• Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - the relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van Hoff factor and its significance.

UNIT 7: Equilibrium

• The meaning of equilibrium is the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of ΔG and ΔGo in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry’s law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.

UNIT 8: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, and balancing of redox reactions.
• Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement; Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change; Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells; Corrosion and its prevention.

UNIT 9: Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions - Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

UNIT 10: Surface Chemistry

• Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism.
• Adsorption - Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.
• Colloidal state - Distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic, lyophobic; multi-molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; Emulsions and their characteristics.

UNIT 11: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

• Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

UNIT 12: General Principles and Process of Isolation of Metals

• Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe;
• Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.

UNIT 13: Hydrogen

Position of Hydrogen in the periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of Hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of Hydrogen peroxide; Classification of Hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel.

UNIT 14: s - Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

• Group 1 and Group 2 Elements.
• Preparation and properties of some important compounds - Sodium carbonate, Sodium chloride, Sodium hydroxide and Sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of Lime, Limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.
• General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships.

UNIT 15: p - Block Elements

• Group 13 to Group 15 Elements.
• Group-wise study of the p-block elements.
• General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

Group - 13

• Preparation, properties and uses of Boron and Aluminium; Structure, properties and uses of Borax, Boric acid, Diborane, Boron tri-fluoride, Aluminium chloride and alums.
• Tendency for catenation; Structure, properties and uses of allotropes and oxides of Carbon, Silicon tetrachloride, Silicates, Zeolites and Silicones.
• Group - 14
• Group - 15
• Properties and uses of Nitrogen and Phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of Phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of Ammonia, Nitric acid, Phosphine and Phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of Nitrogen and Phosphorus.

UNIT 16: p - Block Elements

• Group-wise study of the p-block elements
• General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

Group 16 to Group 18 Elements

• Preparation, properties, structures and uses of dioxygen and ozone; Allotropic forms of Sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures and uses of Sulphur dioxide, Sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of Sulphur.
• Group - 16
• Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.
• Group - 17
• Group - 18
• Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.

UNIT 17: d – and f – Block Elements:

• Transition Elements
• Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction.
• Inner Transition Elements
• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
• Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

UNIT 18: Co-ordination Compounds

• Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner’s theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

UNIT 19: Environmental Chemistry

• Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil.
• Tropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Green house effect and Global warming; Acid rain; Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention.
• Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and stratospheric

UNIT 20: Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds

• Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
• Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications.
• Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Halogens, Sulphur, and Phosphorus.

UNIT 21: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry-I

• Tetravalency of Carbon; Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: - C = C -, - C ≡ C - and those containing Halogens, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
• Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry-II:
• Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
• Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
• Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.

UNIT 22: Hydrocarbons

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
• Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel - Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene.
• Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of Alkanes.Alkynes - Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization.
• Organic Compounds Containing Halogens:
• General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
• Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.

UNIT 23: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen-I

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
• Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary Alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.
• Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
• Ethers: Structure.
• Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction.

UNIT 24: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen-II

• Aldehyde and Ketones
• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
• Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.
• Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of - Hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between Aldehydes and Ketones.

UNIT 25: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen:

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
• Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.

UNIT 26: Polymers

• Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses - Polythene, Nylon, Polyester and Bakelite.
• General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization - addition and condensation, copolymerization;

UNIT 27: Practical Chemistry

• Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+. Anions- CO3 2-, S2-, SO4 2-, NO2-, NO3-, CI-, Br-, I-. (Insoluble salts excluded).
• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4.
• Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4

UNIT 28: Chemistry in Everyday Life

• Chemicals in medicines - Analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines - their meaning and common examples.
• Cleansing agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
• Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples.

UNIT 29: Bio Molecules

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
• Nucleic Acids - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids.
• Proteins - Elementary Idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
• Carbohydrates - Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen).
• Vitamins - Classification and functions.

UNIT 30: Stratospheric pollution

• Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer - its mechanism and effects.
• Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention.
• Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.
• Strategies to control environmental pollution

UNIT 1: Sets

Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set.

UNIT 2: Relations

Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations.

UNIT 3: Function, limit and Continuity

• One-one, into and onto functions, composition of functions;
• Real valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions.Limits, continuity and differentiability.

UNIT 4: Complex numbers

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality.

UNIT 5: Quadratic equations

Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots.

UNIT 6: Sequences and series

Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers. Relation between A.M. and G.M. Sumupto n terms of special series, Geometric progression.

UNIT 7: Matrices

Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, matrices of order two and three; Adjoint; transpose; symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices.

UNIT 8: Determinants

• Evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants.
• Properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants.

UNIT 9: Vector algebra

p, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.

UNIT 10: Mathematical reasoning

• ​​​​​​​Understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive.
• Statements, Logical Operations and, or, Implies, Implied by, if and only if.

UNIT 11: Permutations

​​​​​​​Meaning of P(n, r), simple applications.
The fundamental principle of counting is permutation as an arrangement.

UNIT 12: Combinations

Combination as selection, Meaning of C (n, r), simple applications.

UNIT 13: Mathematical induction

Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.

UNIT 14: Binomial theorem and its simple applications

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications.

UNIT 15: Derivatives

• Differentiation of sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions;
• Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order up to two; Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems.

UNIT 16: Application of Derivatives

• Rate of change of quantities, monotonic increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals.

UNIT 17: Integral calculus (Part1)

• Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions.
• Integral as an anti-derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.
• Integral is the limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.Integration using trigonometric identities.

UNIT 18: Integral calculus (Part 2)

• Evaluation of simple integrals of the following type

UNIT 19: Definite Integrals

Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form.

UNIT 20: Differential Equations

• ​​​​​​​Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type.
• Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations.

UNIT 21: Coordinate geometry

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.

UNIT 22: Straight lines

Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of the family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.

UNIT 23: Circles

The standard form of the equation of a circle, the general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, the equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent.

UNIT 24: Conic sections

Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.

UNIT 25: Three-Dimensional Geometry (Part 1)

Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, and the angle between two intersecting lines.

UNIT 26: Three-Dimensional Geometry (Part 2)

• ​​​​​​​Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, the intersection of a line and a plane, and coplanar lines.
• Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation.

UNIT 27: Statistics and probability

Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.

UNIT 28: Probability

Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.

UNIT 29: Trigonometry

Trigonometrical Identities and equations, Trigonometrical functions

UNIT 30: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition, domain, range, elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions, Heights and distances

Reading Comprehension

Comprehension of passages, questions on the passages

Vocabulary and Grammar

Synonyms and antonyms, analogies, one-word substitution, fill in the blanks, sentence completion, sentence correction

Composition

Paragraph writing, letter writing, email writing, essay writing

Exam Mode

CBT Online (Computer-Based Test)

Languages

English or Hindi

Exam Duration

2 Hours 30 Minutes

Sections and Number of questions in each

• Physics - 25 Questions
• Chemistry - 25 Questions
• Mathematics / Biology - 25 Questions
• English - 25 Questions

• Physics - 100 marks
• Chemistry - 100 marks
• Mathematics / Biology - 100 marks
• English - 100 marks

Total Number of Questions

100

Type of Questions

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) and Fill in the blanks

Marking Scheme

• 4 marks will be awarded for every correct answer
• There is no negative marking