Unit I: Reproduction
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Reproduction in organisms
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Reproduction - a characteristic feature of all organisms for the continuation of species
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Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual
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Asexual reproduction
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Modes - Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation
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vegetative propagation in plants.
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Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
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Flower structure
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Development of male and female gametophytes
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Pollination – types, agencies and examples
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Outbreeding devices
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Pollen - Pistil interaction
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Double fertilization
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Post-fertilization events – Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit
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Special mode s– apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony
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Significance of seed and fruit formation.
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Human Reproduction
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Male and female reproductive systems
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Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary
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Gametogenesis - spermatogenesis & oogenesis
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Menstrual cycle
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Fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation
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Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea)
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Parturition (Elementary idea)
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Lactation (Elementary idea).
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Reproductive health
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Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
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Birth control - Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
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Amniocentesis
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Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).
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Unit II: Genetics and Evolution
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Heredity and variation
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Mendelian Inheritance
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Deviations from Mendelism – Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy
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Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
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Chromosome theory of inheritance
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Chromosomes and genes
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Sex determination – In humans, birds, honeybees
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Linkage and crossing over
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Sex-linked inheritance - Haemophilia, Colour blindness
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Mendelian disorders in humans – Thalassemia
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Chromosomal disorders in humans
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Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
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Molecular Basis of Inheritance
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Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material
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Structure of DNA and RNA
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DNA packaging
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DNA replication
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Central dogma
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Transcription, genetic code, translation
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Gene expression and regulation – Lac Operon
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Genome and human genome project
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DNA fingerprinting.
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Evolution
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Origin of life
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Biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence)
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Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution
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Mechanism of evolution – Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection
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Gene flow and genetic drift
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Hardy-Weinberg’s principle
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Adaptive Radiation
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Human evolution
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Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare
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Health and Disease
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Pathogens, parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm)
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Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines
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Cancer, HIV and AIDs
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Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
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Improvement in food production
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Plant breeding, tissue culture, single - cell protein, Biofortification
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Apiculture and Animal husbandry.
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Microbes in human welfare
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In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers
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Unit IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
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Principles and process of Biotechnology
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Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology)
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Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture
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Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy
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Genetically modified organisms, crops
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Transgenic Animals
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Biosafety issues – Biopiracy and patents
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Unit V: Ecology and Environment
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Organisms and environment
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Habitat and niche
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Population and ecological adaptations
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Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism
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Population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
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Ecosystems
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Patterns, components, productivity and decomposition
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Energy flow
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Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
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Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous)
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Ecological succession
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Ecological Services – Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release
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Biodiversity and its conservation
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Concept of Biodiversity
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Patterns of Biodiversity
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Importance of Biodiversity
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Loss of Biodiversity
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Biodiversity conservation
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Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries
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Environmental issues
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Air pollution and its control
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Water pollution and its control
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Agrochemicals and their effects
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Solid waste management
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Radioactive waste management
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Greenhouse effect and global warming
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Ozone depletion
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Deforestation
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Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues
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