Mera commerce ka important questions chahiye

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Here's a list of some important topics and questions that commonly appear for Class 12 Commerce students, categorised by subject:

1. Accountancy

• Partnership Accounts:

  • Difference between Partnership and LLP.

  • Preparation of Profit and Loss Appropriation Account.

  • Admission, Retirement, and Death of a Partner.

  • Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities.

  • Calculation of Goodwill using different methods.

• Financial Statements:

  • Preparation of Trading, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet.

  • Calculation of Ratios: Current Ratio, Acid Test Ratio, Debt-Equity Ratio, etc.

  • Interpretation of financial statements using ratios.

  • Fund Flow Statement.

• Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organizations.

• Company Accounts:

  • Issue of shares and debentures.

  • Redemption of Debentures.

2. Business Studies

• Nature and Significance of Management:

  • Definition of Management and its functions.

  • Importance of Management in Business.

• Principles of Management:

  • Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles.

  • Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management.

• Planning:

  • Definition, features, and importance of Planning.

  • Steps in Planning.

• Organizing:

  • Organizational Structure.

  • Types of Organizational Structures (Functional, Divisional, Matrix).

• Directing:

  • Definition and importance of Directing.

  • Principles of Directing.

• Controlling:

  • Definition, Process of Controlling.

  • Techniques of Controlling (like Budgetary Control, PERT, and CPM).

• Business Environment:

  • Importance of understanding the business environment.

  • Economic, Social, and Technological environment.

• Marketing:

  • Marketing Mix (4Ps: Product, Price, Place, Promotion).

  • Channels of Distribution.

3. Economics

• Microeconomics:

  • Meaning and definition of Economics.

  • Law of Demand and Law of Supply.

  • Elasticity of Demand and its types.

  • Cost and Revenue concepts (Fixed, Variable, Marginal, Average).

  • Producer's Equilibrium and Consumer’s Equilibrium.

• Macroeconomics:

  • National Income: Concepts and Methods of Measurement.

  • Government Budget and its components.

  • Money and Banking: Functions of Money, Commercial Banks, and Central Bank.

• Indian Economy:

  • Planning in India and objectives of Economic Planning.

  • Economic Reforms since 1991.

  • Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization.

4. Business Law

• Contract Act:

  • Essentials of a Valid Contract.

  • Types of Contracts.

  • Breach of Contract and its consequences.

• Sale of Goods Act:

  • Conditions and Warranties in a contract of sale.

  • Transfer of Ownership.

• Company Law:

  • Types of Companies: Private and Public.

  • Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association.

  • Share Capital and Debentures.

  • Liquidation of Companies.

5. Entrepreneurship

• Entrepreneurial Development:

  • Definition of an Entrepreneur and qualities of a successful entrepreneur.

  • Role of Entrepreneurs in Economic Development.

• Business Opportunities:

  • Identifying business opportunities in various sectors.

  • Idea generation and selection of a viable business idea.

• Project Management:

  • Meaning and stages of project planning.

  • Preparing a project report.

6. Informatics Practices/Computer Science (if chosen)

• Data Management:

  • Types of Data and Data Structures.

  • Databases and SQL queries.

  • Management of Database.

• Networking and Internet:

  • Internet protocols.

  • Web technologies and their applications.

• Introduction to Programming:

  • Concepts of Programming Language (Python, Java).

  • Functions, Loops, and Arrays.

I hope this is helpful!