Units and Measurements | Fundamental and Derived Units Dimensions of Physical Quantities Measurement of Length, Mass, and Time Accuracy and Precision of Measuring Instruments Significant Figures, Errors, and Types of Errors Units of Measurement: SI Units and their Definitions
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Kinematics | Scalars and Vectors: Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication by a Real Number Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration (Vector and Scalar Quantities) Uniform and Non-Uniform Motion in a Straight Line Motion in a Plane (Projectile Motion) Circular Motion
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Laws of Motion | Newton's First, Second, and Third Laws Force and Inertia, Types of Forces Equilibrium of a Particle Friction (Static and Kinetic) Circular Motion and Dynamics Conservation of Momentum and Collisions
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Gravitation | Newton’s Law of Gravitation Gravitational Field and Potential Acceleration Due to Gravity (g) Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Escape Velocity and Orbital Velocity of Satellites
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Communication Systems | Elements of a Communication System Types of Modulation: Amplitude and Frequency Modulation Bandwidth of Signals and Transmission Media Satellite Communication, Fiber Optic Communication Internet and Mobile Telephony Systems
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Work, Energy and Power | Work Done by a Constant and Variable Force Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy The Work-Energy Theorem Power and its Calculation Conservation of Mechanical Energy (Free-Fall Example)
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Electronic Devices | Semiconductors: Conductors, Insulators, and Types of Semiconductors p-n Junction Diode and Its Characteristics Zener Diode and Its Applications Transistors: Functioning and Types (NPN, PNP) Logic Gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR
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Rotational Motion | Angular Displacement, Angular Velocity, and Angular Acceleration Torque and Angular Momentum Moment of Inertia Laws of Rotational Motion Rotational Kinetic Energy and Conservation of Angular Momentum
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Properties of Bulk Matter | Mechanical Properties of Solids (Elasticity, Young’s Modulus) Mechanical Properties of Fluids (Surface Tension, Viscosity, Fluid Pressure) Bernoulli’s Theorem, Archimedes' Principle, and Applications Thermal Properties of Matter (Heat Transfer, Conduction, Convection, Radiation) Temperature, Thermal Expansion, Specific Heat, Calorimetry
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Current Electricity | Electric Current, Drift Velocity, and Mobility Ohm’s Law and Resistance Kirchhoff’s Laws and Their Applications Wheatstone Bridge and Meter Bridge Potentiometer and Its Applications
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Atoms and Nuclei | Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom Emission and Absorption Spectra Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay Half-Life and Mean Life Nuclear Fission and Fusion
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Thermodynamics | First Law of Thermodynamics: Internal Energy and Heat Transfer Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes Second Law of Thermodynamics: Reversible and Irreversible Processes Carnot Engine and Efficiency Heat Engines and Refrigerators
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Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation | Photoelectric Effect and Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation Wave-Particle Duality de Broglie Hypothesis Matter Waves and Their Properties X-rays and Their Applications
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Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism | Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s Law Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field Torque on a Current Loop, Moving Coil Galvanometer Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire, Circular Loop, and Solenoid Magnetic Dipole and Its Properties Earth’s Magnetic Field
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Electromagnetic Waves | Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves Displacement Current Electromagnetic Spectrum and Properties Applications of Electromagnetic Waves (Radio, Microwave, X-ray, etc.)
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Kinetic Theory of Gases | Equation of State of a Perfect Gas Kinetic Theory of Gases Assumptions Root Mean Square Velocity, Pressure of an Ideal Gas Degrees of Freedom, Law of Equipartition of Energy Specific Heat Capacities and Mean Free Path
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Electrostatics | Coulomb’s Law of Electrostatics Electric Field and Electric Potential Electric Dipole and Its Behavior in an Electric Field Gauss’s Theorem and Its Applications Capacitance and Capacitors Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation
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Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents | Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction Lenz's Law and Self-Induction Mutual Induction and Transformers AC Circuits: Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance LCR Circuits and Resonance Power in AC Circuits and Power Factor
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Optics | Reflection and Refraction of Light, Snell’s Law Total Internal Reflection and Optical Fibers Lenses: Thin Lens Equation and Lens Maker’s Formula Wave Nature of Light: Interference, Diffraction, and Polarization Young’s Double Slit Experiment Resolving Power of Optical Instruments
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Oscillations and Waves | Periodic Motion: Period, Frequency, and Amplitude Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) and Equation of SHM Energy in SHM: Potential and Kinetic Energy Damped Oscillations, Resonance Wave Motion: Transverse and Longitudinal Waves Speed of Waves in Different Media Doppler Effect in Sound and Light
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