MODULE – 1 | Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry General Introduction: Importance and scope of Chemistry. Dalton’s atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules. Historical approach to particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination. Atomic and molecular masses, Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry. |
Structure of Atom: Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; atomic number; isotopes and isobars. de Broglie’s relationship.Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals. Rutherford’s model and its limitations. Bohr’s model and its limitations, concept of shells and sub-shells, dual nature of matter and light. |
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties: Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table.Modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements- atomic radii, ionic radii. Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence, Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100. |
MODULE – 2 | Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure: Valence electrons, ionic bond, bond parameters, covalent bond: Born Haber Cycle. Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic-bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization, involving s, p and d- orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules and hydrogen bond. |
Chemical Thermodynamics Concepts of System, types of systems, surroundings, Work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics-internal energy change (ΔU) and enthalpy change (ΔH), Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of; bond dissociation, Combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transformation, ionization, and solution. Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium. Second and third laws of thermodynamics. |
Chemical Kinetics Rate of reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment), activation energy, Arrhenius equation. |
MODULE – 3 | States of Matter: Gases and Liquids: Three states of matter, Intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, Role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law. Charles’ law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law. Ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro’s number. Ideal gas equation, Derivation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature, kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary ideal). Liquid State : Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, No mathematical derivations) |
Equilibrium Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, Law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium -Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium - ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH Henderson Equation, hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea). Buffer solutions, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples). |
Solid State
Classification of solids based on different bindings forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, packing efficiency, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell,point defects, electrical and magnetic properties. Band theory of metals conductors,semiconductors and insulators and n- & p-type semiconductors. |
MODULE – 4 | Redox Reactions Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation numbers. |
Solutions Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmot pressure determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, van’t Hoff factor and calculations involving it. |
Electrochemistry Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell, fuel corrosion. |
Surface Chemistry Adsorption – Physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gas on solids; catalysis : homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity : enzyme catalysis; colloidal state : distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsion – types of emulsions, Elementary idea of nanomaterials. |
MODULE – 5 | Hydrogen Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides – ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, properties, structure and use; hydrogen as a fuel. |
p-Block Elements General Introduction to p-Block Elements: Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configurations, occurrence. Variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron-physical and chemical properties, some important compounds; borax, boric acid, boron hydrides, Aluminium : reactions with acids and alkali and uses. Group 14 elements : General introduction, electronic configurations, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behavior of first element, Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important compounds; oxides. Important compounds of silicon and a few uses; silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses and structure of silicates. Group 15 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties, nitrogen - preparation, properties and uses; compounds of nitrogen : preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only) : Phosphorus-allotropic forms, compound of phosphorus : preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only). Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen : preparation, properties and uses, classification of oxides, Ozone. Sulphur-allotropic forms; compound of sulphur: preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid : industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, other oxides and oxoacids of sulphur (structures only). Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trend in physical and chemical properties; compounds and halogens : preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only). Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, Occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses. |
MODULE – 6 | s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals) Group 1 and Group 2 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of, properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses. Preparation and properties of some important compounds: Sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium. CaO, CaCO3 and industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca |
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron. |
d and f Block Elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization, enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and Properties of K2Cr2O7 & KMnO4. Lanthanoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequence. Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids |
Coordination Compounds Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding (Werner’ theory. VBT and CFT): structural and stereo isomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion of analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems). |
MODULE – 7 | Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques : General introduction, methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper-conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions. |
Hydrocarbons Classification of hydrocarbons : Alkanes – Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including halogenation, free radical mechanism, Combustion and pyrolysis. Alkenes- Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene) geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation; chemical reactions : addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition. Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties.Methods of preparation, chemical reactions; acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of hydrogen, halogens hydrogen halides and water. Aromatic hydrocarbons: Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene: resonance; Aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution- nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation carcinogenicity and toxicity. |
III. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Haloalkanes : Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Stability of carbocations, R-S and D-L configurations. Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for mono-substituted compounds only, stability of carbocations R-S and D-L configurations).Use and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT. |
MODULE – 8 | Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only): Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses of methanol and ethanol. Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of Phenols, electrophilic substitution reaction, uses of Phenols. Ether: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses |
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses. Carboxylic Acids : Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses. |
MODULE – 9 | Environmental Chemistry Environmental pollution – air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smog, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming- pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution. |
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Nitro Compounds: General methods of preparation and chemical reactions. Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and Isocyanides: General methods of preparation, chemical properties, comparison Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry. |
Polymers Classification - natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber, biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers. |
MODULE – 10 | Biomolecules Carbohydrates: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L Configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); importance of Carbohydrates. Proteins :Elementary idea of α-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Lipids and hormones, their classification and functions. Vitamins: Classification and function Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA. |
Chemistry in Everyday life Chemicals in medicines: analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. Chemicals in food: preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants. Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents, cleansing action. |
III. Principles Related to Practical Chemistry Detection of extra elements (N, S, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups: Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (primary) groups in organic compounds. Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds- Mohr’s salt,Potash alum; organic compounds- Acetanilide, aniline yellow or 2- Napthol aniline dye, iodoform. Chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises- Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4. Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations : Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4 + Anions : CO3 2-, S2-, SO4 2-, NO3 - , Cl- , Br- , l- , CH3COO- (Insoluble salts excluded). Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: i) preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols, ii) enthalpy of dissolution of CuSO4, enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base. |
