Some basic concepts of chemistry | - General introduction: importance and scope of chemistry
- Historical approach to particulate nature of matter
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Dalton’s atomic theory: the concept of elements, atoms, and molecules
- Atomics and molecular masses
- Mole concept and molar mass
- Percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula
- Chemical reactions
- Stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry
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Structure of atom | - Discovery of electron
- Proton and neuron
- Atomic number
- Isotopes and isobars
- Thompson's model and its limitations
- Rutherford’s model and its limitations
- Bohr’s model and its limitations
- Concept of shells and subshells
- The dual nature of matter and light
- De Broglie’s relationship
- Heisenberg uncertainty principle
- Concept of orbitals
- Quantum numbers
- Shapes of S, P, and D orbitals
- Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle
- Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s principle
- Electronic configuration of atoms
- Stability of half-filled and filled orbitals
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Classification of elements and periodicity in properties | - Significance of classification
- Brief history of the development of the periodic table
- Modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table
- Periodic trends in properties of elements - atomic radii, ionic radii
- Ionization enthalpy
- Electron gain enthalpy
- Electronegativity
- Valence
- Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100
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Chemical bonding and molecular structure | - Valence electrons
- Ionic bond
- Covalent bond
- Bond parameters
- Lewis structure
- Polar character of covalent bond
- Covalent molecules
- VSEPR theory
- Concept of hybridization involving s,p, and orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules
- Molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond
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States of matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids | - Three states of matter
- Intermolecular interactions
- Types of bonding
- Melting and boiling point
- Role of gas law in elucidating the concept of the molecule
- Boyle’s law
- Charle’s law
- Gay Lussac’s law
- Avogadro’s law
- Ideal behaviour
- Empirical derivation of gas equation
- Avogardo number
- Ideal gas equation
- Kinetic energy and molecular speeds
- Deviation from ideal behavior
- Liquefication of gases
- Critical temperature
- Liquid state (vapor pressure, viscosity, and surface tension)
- Solid state (classification of solids on different binding forces molecular, ionic, metallic solids, amorphous & crystalline solids/ unit cell in two dimensional & three-dimensional lattices/ calculation of density of unit cell/ packing in solids/packing efficiency/ voids/number of atoms/electrical and magnetic properties, band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors, and insulators, n & p type of semiconductors)
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Thermodynamics | - Concepts of systems/ types of systems/surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions
- The first law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, and specific heat, measurement of ΔU and ΔH
- Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of: bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution, and dilution
- Introduction of entropy as a state function
- Second law of thermodynamics
- Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process
- The third law of thermodynamics
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Equilibrium | - Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes
- The dynamic nature of equilibrium
- Law of mass action
- Equilibrium constant & factors affecting equilibrium
- Le Chatelier’s principle
- Ionic equilibrium: ionization of acids and bases
- Strong & weak electrolytes
- Degree of ionization
- Ionization of polybasic acids
- Acid strength/ concept of pH
- Hydrolysis of salt
- Buffer solutions
- Henderson equation
- Solubility product
- Common ion effect
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Redox reactions and electrochemistry | - Concept of oxidation and reduction
- Redox reactions
- Oxidation number
- Balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation numbers
- Applications of redox reactions
- Conductance in electrolytic solutions/specific and molar conductivity variations of conductivity with concentration
- Kohlrausch’s Law
- Electrolysis and laws of electrolysis
- Dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
- Lead accumulator
- EMF of a cell
- Standard electrode potential
- Nernst equation & its application to chemical cells
- Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
- Fuel cells
- Corrosion
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Solutions | - Types of solutions
- Expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
- Solubility of gases in liquids
- Solid solutions
- Colligative properties - the relative lowering of vapor pressure
- Raoult’s law
- Elevation of BP
- Depression of freezing point
- Osmotic pressure
- Determination of molecular masses using colligative properties
- Abnormal molecular mass
- Vant Hoff factor
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Chemical Kinetics | - Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous)
- Factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst
- Order and molecularity of a reaction
- Rate law and specific rate constant
- Integrated rate equations and half-life
- Concept of collision theory
- Activation energy
- Arrhenius equation
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Surface Chemistry | - Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption
- Factors affecting the adsorption of gases on solids
- Catalysis: homogenous and heterogeneous
- Activity and selectivity
- Colloidal state: the distinction between true solutions
- Colloids and suspensions
- lyophilic, lyophobic multi-molecular, and macromolecular colloids
- Properties of colloids
- Tyndall effect
- Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation
- Emulsions – types of emulsions
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Hydrogen and S-Block elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals) | - Position of hydrogen in the periodic table
- Occurrence,
- Isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; hydrides – ionic, covalent, and interstitial
- Physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water
- Hydrogen peroxide preparation, reactions, use, and structure
- Hydrogen as a fuel
- Group 1 and Group 2 elements (General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen, and halogens)
- Preparation and Properties of Some Important Compounds (Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium. CaO, CaCO3, and industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca)
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P-Block elements | - General Introduction to p-Block Elements
- Group 13 elements
- Group 14 elements
- Group 15 elements
- Group 16 elements
- Group 17 elements
- Group 18 elements
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D and F block elements | - General introduction
- Electronic configuration
- Occurrence and characteristics of transition metals
- General trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
- Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4
- Lanthanoids: electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences
- Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthanoids
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Coordination Compounds | - Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes
- IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
- Werner’s theory of VBT
- CFT
- Isomerism
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General principles and processes of isolation of elements | - Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method, and refining
- Occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum, copper, zinc, and iron
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Organic chemistry - Some basic principles & techniques | - General introduction/ methods of purification/ qualitative and quantitative analysis
- Classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
- Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation
- Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations
- Carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles
- Types of organic reactions
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Hydrocarbons | - Classification of hydrocarbons
- Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Alkanes – Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only)
- Physical properties, chemical reactions including the free radical mechanism of halogenation
- Combustion and pyrolysis
- Alkenes – Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene)/geometrical isomerism/ physical properties/ methods of preparation
- Chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition
- Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation
- Chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of - hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, and water
- Aromatic hydrocarbons – Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature
- Benzene: resonance, aromaticity
- Chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution – nitration sulphonation, halogenation
- Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation
- Directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene
- Carcinogenicity and toxicity
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Haloalkanes & Haloarenes | - Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions
- Optical rotation. Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only)
- Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT
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Alcohols, phenols, and ethers | - Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties
- Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
- Mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to methanol and ethanol
- Phenols: Nomenclature/ methods of preparation/ physical and chemical properties/ acidic nature of phenols/ electrophilic substitution reactions/ uses of phenols
- Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
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Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids | - Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature/ nature of carbonyl group/ methods of preparation/ physical and chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition/ reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes/ uses
- Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature/ acidic nature/ methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties/ uses
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Organic compounds containing nitrogen | - Amines: Nomenclature/ classification/ structure/ methods of preparation/ physical and chemical properties, uses/ identification of primary secondary, and tertiary amines
- Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context
- Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry
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Biomolecules | - Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses)/ monosaccharide (glucose and fructose)/ DL configuration/ oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)/ polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)/ Importance
- Proteins - Elementary idea of a-amino acids/ peptide bond/ polypeptides, proteins/ primary structure/ secondary structure/ tertiary structure, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only)/ denaturation of proteins/ enzymes
- Hormones –Elementary idea (excluding structure). Vitamins – Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
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Polymers | - Classification – Natural and synthetic
- Methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization
- Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like ( polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber)
- Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers
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Chemistry in everyday life | - Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines
- Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants
- Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action
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Environmental Chemistry | - Environmental pollution – Air, water, and soil pollution, chemical reactions in the atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants
- Acid rain, ozone, and its reactions
- Effects of depletion of the ozone layer
- Greenhouse effect and global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes
- Green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, a strategy for control of environmental pollution
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