RUHS Pharmacy 2025 Syllabus PDF - Download Latest RUHS Pharmacy Syllabus for All Subjects

RUHS Pharmacy Syllabus 2024

Knowing the RUHS Pharmacy Syllabus 2024 is an important part of RUHS Pharmacy preparation. RUHS Pharmacy 2024 Exam is all set to be conducted on October 5, 2024 and candidates can download the syllabus from the official website containing the contains the subjects and topics covered in the question paper

The RUHS Admit Card will be released in the first week of October 2024 (dates to be confirmed) on the official website. After the exam, the RUHS pharmacy result 2024 will be declared online and will be available to download at the official website.

The RUHS Pharmacy exam is conducted in a computer-based mode in English language only. The RUHS exam question paper is of 100 marks, is two-hour duration, and is divided into two sections, i.e. Chemistry and Physics, with 50 questions per section.

The RUHS Pharmacy Syllabus 2024 consists of: 

• Chemistry Class 11
• Chemistry Class 12
• Physics Class 11
• Physics Class 12

RUHS Pharmacy 2024 Syllabus: Chemistry Class 11

Unit 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 

General Introduction: Important and scope of chemistry. 

Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula

Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: the concept of elements, atoms and molecules. 

Unit 2: Structure of Atom 

Atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Concept of shells and subshells, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbital, quantum numbers, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, shapes of s,p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, 

Pauli exclusion principles and Hund’s rule, stability of half-filled and filled orbitals,  electronic configuration of atoms

Unit 3: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 

Modern periodic law and long form of the periodic table, valence, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, periodic trends in properties of elements- atomic radii, electronegativity. 

Unit 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 

Hydrogen bond, Valence electrons, ionic bond, Lewis structure, VSEPR theory concept of hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, polar character of covalent bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only), valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of molecules

Unit 5: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids 

Three states of matter, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, Boyle’s law, the role of gas laws of elucidating the concept of the molecule, Charle’s law, Gay, intermolecular interactions

Liquid State- Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations). 

Avogadro number, ideal gas equation, Avogadro’s law, Lussac’s law, ideal behaviour of gases, empirical derivation of the gas equation. 

Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature. 

Unit 6: Thermodynamics 

Introduction of entropy as state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity. 

Third law of thermodynamics- Brief introduction. 

The first law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of U and H, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomisation, sublimation, phase transition, ionisation, solution and dilution. 

Unit 7: Equilibrium 

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium-Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of PH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

Unit 8: Redox Reactions 

Concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction, redox reactions oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers. 

Unit 9: Hydrogen 

Occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide- preparation, reactions, uses and structure; 

Unit 10: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals) 

Preparation and Properties of Some important Compounds: Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium. 

Group I and group 2 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses. 

Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca. 

Unit 11: Some p-Block Elements 

General Introduction to p-Block Elements. 

General 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of the first element. 

Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of the first element of the group; Boron, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses reactions with acids and alkalies. 

Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses. 

Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds: oxides. 

Unit 12: Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques 

Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. 

General introduction, methods of purification qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. 

Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions. 

Unit 13: Hydrocarbons 

Alkynes-Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of- hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.

Alkanes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis. 

Alkanes-Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation: chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition. 

Aromatic hydrocarbons- Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene; resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution- Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity. 

Unit 14: Environmental Chemistry 

Environmental pollution: Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in the atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of the ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution. 

RUHS Pharmacy 2024 Syllabus: Chemistry Class 12

Unit 1: Solid State 

Classification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators. 

Unit 2: Solutions 

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties- relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor. 

Unit 3: Electrochemistry 

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell- electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion. 

Unit 4: Chemical Kinetics 

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory ( elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenius equation. 

Unit 5: Surface Chemistry 

Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions- types of emulsions. 

Unit 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 

Principles and methods of extraction- concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron. 

Unit 7: p- Block Elements 

Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous- allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only). 

Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur - allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only). 

Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structures only). 

Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, and uses. 

Unit 8: d and f Block Elements 

Lanthanoids- electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. 

Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids. 

General introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals- metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. 

Unit 9: Coordination Compounds 

Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism (structural and stereo) bonding, Werner's theory VBT, CFT; the importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems). 

Unit 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C -X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation. 

Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT. 

Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only). 

Unit 11: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. 

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol. 

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses. 

Unit 12: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, and identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines. 

Cyanides and Isocyanides- will be mentioned at relevant places. 

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry. 

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses. 

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses. 

Unit 13: Biomolecules 

Proteins- Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bonds, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. 

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA 

Hormones- Elementary idea (excluding structure). 

Carbohydrates- Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D.L. configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance. 

Vitamins- Classification and function. 

Unit 14: Polymers 

Some important polymers: are natural and synthetic like polyesters, bakelite; rubber, and Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers. 

Classification- Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. 

Unit 15: Chemistry in Everyday Life 

Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants. 

Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Chemicals in medicines- analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids,= and antihistamines. 

RUHS Pharmacy 2024 Syllabus: Physics Class 11

Unit I: Physical World and Measurement 

Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and society. 

Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications. 

Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; measurement errors; significant figures. 

Unit II: Kinematics 

Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity. 

Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line; Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs, for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment). 

Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector in a plane-rectangular components. 

Scalar and Vector products of Vectors. Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration- projectile motion. Uniform circular motion. 

Unit III: Laws of Motion 

Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication. 

Dynamics of uniform circular motion. Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road). 

Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. 

Unit IV: Work, Energy and Power 

Work done by a constant force and variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power. 

Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions. 

Unit V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body 

Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. 

Moment of a force,-torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples. 

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod. 

Unit VI: Gravitation 

Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary satellites. 

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. 

Unit VII: Properties of Bulk Matter 

Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Anomalous expansion. Specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv- calorimetry; change of state – latent heat. 

Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise. 

Heat transfer- conduction and thermal conductivity, convection and radiation. Qualitative ideas of Black Body Radiation, Wein’s displacement law, and Green House effect. 

Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan’s law. 

Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship. Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear, modulus of rigidity, poisson’s ratio; elastic energy. 

Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent flow. Critical velocity, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications. 

Unit VIII: Thermodynamics 

Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of Thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes. 

Second law of the thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators. 

Unit IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory 

Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path. 

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. 

Unit X: Oscillations and Waves 

Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler Effect. 

Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion(SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM –Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.

RUHS Pharmacy 2024 Syllabus: Physics Class 12

Unit 1: Electrostatics 

Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. 

Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. 

Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside) 

Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization 

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges: equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric diploes in an electrostatic field. 

Capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator. 

Unit 2: Current Electricity 

Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge. 

Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. 

The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and parallel. 

Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance. 

Potentiometer-principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.  

Unit 3: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 

Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron. 

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. 

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. 

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. 

Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements. 

Para-, dia-and ferro-magnetic substances, with examples. 

Electromagnetic and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets. 

Unit 4: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 

AC generator and transformer. 

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. 

Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current. 

Self and mutual inductance. 

Unit 5: Electromagnetic Waves 

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses. 

Need for displacement current. 

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. 

Unit 6: Optics 

Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle. 

Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. 

Scattering of light- blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. 

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker’s formula. 

Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. 

Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses. 

Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. 

Interference, Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. 

Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts. 

Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids. 

Unit 7: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation 

Matter waves- wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained). 

Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation- particle nature of light. 

Unit 8: Atoms and Nuclei 

Radioactivity- alpha, beta and gamma particles/ rays and their properties decay law. Mass- energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion. 

Alpha- particle scattering experiments; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. 

Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. 

Unit 9: Electronic Devices 

Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.