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Conservative forces: conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies) - non-conservative forces: motion in a vertical circle - elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Static and kinetic friction - laws of friction -rolling friction - lubrication. Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy - work-energy theorem - power.

Electric flux-Gauss’s theorem and its applications. Electrostatic induction-capacitor and capacitance – dielectric and electric polarisation – parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium – applications of capacitor – energy stored in a capacitor - Capacitors in series and in parallel – action points – Van de Graaff generator.

Charges and their conservation; Coulomb’s law forces between two point electric charges - Forces between multiple electric charges-superposition principle. Electric field – electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field intensity due to a dipole - the behaviour of a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric potential - potential difference-electric potential due to a point charge and dipole-equipotential surfaces – the electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges.

Properties of Matter

Heat - temperature - thermal expansion: thermal expansion of solids - specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv - latent heat capacity. Qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation: Wein's displacement Law - Stefan's law.

Elastic behaviour - Stress-strain relationship - Hooke's law - Young's modulus - bulk modulus - shear modulus of rigidity - Poisson's ratio - elastic energy. Viscosity - Stokes' law - terminal velocity - streamline and turbulent flow - critical velocity. Bernoulli's theorem and its applications.

Kirchoff’s law – Wheatstone’s Bridge and its application for temperature coefficient of resistance measurement - Metrebridge - a special case of Wheatstone bridge - Potentiometer principle - comparing the emf of two cells.

Electric Current – the flow of charges in a metallic conductor – drift velocity and mobility and their relation with electric current. Ohm’s law, electrical resistance - V-I characteristics – electrical resistivity and conductivity-classification of materials in terms of conductivity – Carbon resistors – colour code for carbon resistors - combination of resistors – series and parallel – temperature dependence of resistance – internal resistance of a cell – potential difference and emf of a cell - combinations of cells in series and in parallel.

Diffraction - differences between interference and diffraction of light- diffraction grating. Polarisation of light waves - polarisation by reflection - Brewster’s law - double refraction - nicol prism - uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids - rotatory polarisation - polarimeter.

Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of the light-blue colour of the sky and the reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. Wavefront and Huygens’s principle - Reflection, total internal reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts. Interference - Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width - coherent source - interference of light - Formation of colours in thin films - Newton’s rings.

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, a combination of a lens and a mirror.

Alternating current - measurement of AC - AC circuit with resistance - AC circuit with inductor - AC circuit with capacitor - LCR series circuit - Resonance and Q - factor - power in AC circuits.

Electromagnetic induction - Faraday’s law - induced emf and current - Lenz’s law. Self-induction - Mutual induction - self-inductance of a long solenoid - mutual inductance of two long solenoids. Methods of inducing emf - (i) by changing magnetic induction (ii) by changing the area enclosed by the coil and (iii) by changing the orientation of the coil (quantitative treatment). AC generator - commercial generator. (Single phase, three phases). Eddy current - applications - transformer - long-distance transmission.

Atomic structure – discovery of the electron – specific charge (Thomson’s method) and charge of the electron (Millikan’s oil drop method) – alpha scattering – Rutherford’s atom model.

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics - Electromagnetic spectrum - Photoelectric effect - Light waves and photons - Einstein’s photoelectric equation - laws of photoelectric emission - particle nature of light - photo cells and their applications.

Semiconductor Devices and their Applications

Logic gates - NOT, OR, AND, EXOR using discrete components - NAND and NOR gates as universal gates - De Morgan’s theorem - Laws and theorems of Boolean algebra.

Semiconductor basics - energy band in solids: difference between metals, insulators and semiconductors - semiconductor doping - Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors.

Formation of P-N Junction - Barrier potential and depletion layer-P-N Junction diode - Forward and reverse bias characteristics - diode as a rectifier - Zener diode as a voltage regulator - LED. Junction transistors - characteristics - transistor as a switch - transistor as an amplifier - transistor as an oscillator.

Nature of nuclear forces - Neutron - discovery - properties - artificial transmutation - particle accelerator. Radioactivity - alpha, beta and gamma radiations and their properties - Radioactive decay law - half-life - mean life - artificial radioactivity - radio isotopes - effects and uses - Geiger - Muller counter. Radiocarbon dating. Nuclear fission - chain reaction - atom bomb - nuclear reactor - nuclear fusion - Hydrogen bomb - cosmic rays - elementary particles.

Nuclear properties - nuclear radii, masses, binding energy, density, charge - isotopes, isobars and isotones - nuclear mass defect - binding energy - stability of nuclei - Bainbridge mass spectrometer.

Lattice – unit cell, systems, types of crystals, packing in solids; Ionic crystals – Imperfections in solids – point defects. X-Ray diffraction – Electrical Property, Amorphous solids (elementary ideas only).

Introduction – Terminology in coordination chemistry – IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Isomerism, Geometrical isomerism in 4-coordinate, 6-coordinate complexes. Theories on coordination compounds – Werner’s theory (brief), Valence Bond theory. Uses of coordination compounds. Bioinorganic compounds (Haemoglobin and chlorophyll).

Lanthanides – Introduction, electronic configuration, general characteristics, oxidation state – lanthanide contraction, uses, brief comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides.

p-block elements – Phosphorous compounds; PCl3, PCl5 – Oxides. Hydrogen halides, Inter halogen compounds. Xenon fluoride compounds. General Characteristics of d – block elements – Electronic Configuration – Oxidation states of first-row transition elements and their colours. Occurrence and principles of extraction: Copper, Silver, Gold and Zinc. Preparation, properties of CuSO4, AgNO3 and K2Cr2O7. 

I and II law of thermodynamics – spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, entropy, Gibb’s free energy – Free energy change and chemical equilibrium – the significance of entropy. Law of mass action – Le Chatlier’s principle, applications of chemical equilibrium. Rate expression, order and molecularity of reactions, zero order, first order and pseudo-first-order reaction – half-life period. Determination of rate constant and order of reaction.

Temperature dependence of rate constant – Arrhenius equation, activation energy.

Electrochemistry

Ethers – Nomenclature of ethers – general methods of preparation of aliphatic ethers - Properties – Uses. Aromatic ethers – Preparation of Anisole – Uses.

Nomenclature of alcohols – Classification of alcohols - the distinction between 10, 20 and 30 alcohols – General methods of preparation of primary alcohols, properties. Methods of preparation of dihydric alcohols: Glycol – Properties – Uses. Methods of preparation of trihydric alcohols - Properties – Uses. Aromatic alcohols – preparation and properties of phenols and benzyl alcohol.

Aliphatic nitro compounds – Preparation of aliphatic nitroalkanes – Properties – Uses. Aromatic nitro compounds – Preparation – Properties – Uses. The distinction between aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds. Amines; aliphatic amines – General methods of preparation – Properties – Distinction between 10, 20 and 30 amines. Aromatic amines – Synthesis of benzylamine – Properties, Aniline – Preparation – Properties – Uses. The distinction between aliphatic and aromatic amine. Aliphatic nitriles – Preparation – properties – Uses. Diazonium salts – Preparation of benzene diazoniumchloride – Properties.

• Amino acids – classification with examples, Peptides-properties of the peptide bond, Lipids - Definition, classification with examples, the difference between fats, oils and waxes.

• Carbohydrates – the distinction between sugars and non-sugars, structural formulae of glucose, fructose and sucrose, with their linkages, invert sugar – definition, examples of oligo and polysaccharides.

• Lipids - Definition, classification with examples, the difference between fats, oils and waxes.

Matrices and their Applications

Adjoint, inverse – properties, computation of inverses, solution of a system of linear equations by matrix inversion method. The rank of a matrix – elementary transformation on a matrix, consistency of a system of linear equations, Cramer’s rule, non-homogeneous equations, homogeneous linear system and rank method. Solution of linear programming problems (LPP) in two variables.

Analytical Geometry of two dimensions

Definition of a conic – general equation of a conic, classification with respect to the general equation of a conic, classification of conics with respect to eccentricity. Equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms and general forms- Directrix, Focus and Latus-rectum - a parametric form of conics and chords. - Tangents and normals – Cartesian form and parametric form- equation of chord of contact of tangents from a point (x1,y1) to all the above said curves. Asymptotes, Rectangular hyperbola – Standard equation of a rectangular hyperbola.

Trigonometry and Complex Numbers

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch, graphs of inverse trigonometric functions and their elementary properties. Complex number system - conjugate, properties, ordered pair representation. Modulus – properties, geometrical representation, polar form, principal value, conjugate, sum, difference, product, quotient, vector interpretation, solutions of polynomial equations, De Moivre’s theorem and its applications. Roots of a complex number - nth roots, cube roots, fourth roots.

Vector Algebra

Scalar Product – the angle between two vectors, properties of scalar product, and applications of the dot product. Vector product, right-handed and left-handed systems, properties of vector product, applications of cross product. Product of three vectors – Scalar triple product, properties of scalar triple product, vector triple product, vector product of four vectors, scalar product of four vectors.

Limits, continuity and differentiability of functions - Derivative is a rate of change, velocity, acceleration, and related rates, and derivative as a measure of slope, tangent, normal and angle between curves. Mean value theorem - Rolle’s Theorem, Lagrange Mean Value Theorem, Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s series, L’ Hospital’s Rule, stationary points, increasing, decreasing, maxima, minima, concavity, convexity and points of inflexion. Errors and approximations – absolute, relative, percentage errors - curve tracing, partial derivatives, Euler’s theorem.

Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions

Direction cosines – direction ratios - equation of a straight line passing through a given point and parallel to a given line, passing through two given points, the angle between two lines. Planes – equation of a plane, passing through a given point and perpendicular to a line, given the distance from the origin and unit normal, passing through a given point and parallel to two given lines, passing through two given points and parallel to a given line, passing through three given non-collinear points, passing through the line of intersection of two given planes, the distance between a point and a plane, the plane which contains two given lines (co-planar lines), angle between a line and a plane. Skew lines - the shortest distance between two lines, condition for two lines to intersect, point of intersection, collinearity of three points. 2 Sphere – equation of the sphere whose centre and radius are given, equation of a sphere when the extremities of the diameter are given.

Simple definite integrals – fundamental theorems of calculus, properties of definite integrals. Reduction formulae – reduction formulae for x dx n sin and x dx n cos, Bernoulli’s formula. Area of bounded regions, length of the curve.

Differential equations – formation, order and degree. Solution of first order differential equations: Variables separable, Homogeneous, Linear equations and applications.

Functions – Relations – Basics of counting. Mathematical logic – logical statements, connectives, truth tables, logical equivalence, tautology, a contradiction. Groups-binary operations, semi-groups, monoids, groups, order of a group, order of an element, properties of groups

Probability – Axioms – Addition law - Conditional probability – Multiplicative law - Baye’s Theorem - Random variable - probability density function, distribution function, mathematical expectation, variance Theoretical distributions - discrete distributions, Binomial, Poisson distributions- Continuous distributions, Normal distribution.

Modern Physics

Heat & Thermodynamics

Electromagnetic Induction and AC

Electrostatics

Oscillation and Waves

Current Electricity

Mechanics

Simple Harmonic Motion

Semiconductor Devices

Magnetics

Optics

Waves

Chemical Kinetics

Surface Chemistry

Equilibrium

Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Atomic Structure

Redox Reactions

Chemistry: Basic Concepts

Electrochemistry

States of Matter

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Bio-Molecules

Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles 

Organic Compounds: Purification & Characterisation

Hydrocarbons

Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

Isolation of Metals: General Principles and Process

Hydrogen

Classification of Elements & Periodicity in Properties

s,p,d,f- Block Elements

Environmental Chemistry

Complex Numbers

Quadratic Equation

Probability

Permutations & Combinations

Calculus

Definite Integral in Calculus

Application of Derivatives

Vector & 3D Geometry

Continuity & Differentiability

Definite Integration

Matrices in Algebra: Circle, Parabola, Hyperbola in Coordinate Geometry

Functions & Limits

Application of Derivatives

Coordinate Geometry

Determinants

Conic Section