Physical World | What is physics? Scope and excitement of physics. Physics, technology and society, Fundamental forces in nature, Nature of physical laws |
Units And Measurements | The international system of units, Measurement of Length, Measurement of Large Distances, Estimation of Very Small Distances, Size of a Molecule, Range of Lengths, Measurement of Mass, Range of Masses, Measurement of time, Accuracy, precision of instruments and errors in measurement, Systematic errors, random errors, least count errors, Absolute Error, Relative Error and Percentage Error, Combination of Errors, Significant figures, Rules for Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures, Rounding off the Uncertain Digits, Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic Calculations, Dimensions of Physical Quantities, Dimensional Formulae and dimensional equations, Dimensional Analysis and its Applications, Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations, Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities. |
Motion In A Straight Line | Position, path length, and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity, and speed, acceleration, and kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, and relative velocity. |
Motion In A Plane | Scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors - graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition - analytical method, motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height, maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion. |
Laws Of Motion | Aristotle’s fallacy, Laws of inertia, Newton’s first law of motion, Newton’s second law of motion- momentum, impulse, Newton’s third law of motion, conservation of momentum, Equilibrium of a particle, Common forces in mechanics, friction, types of friction, static, kinetic, and rolling frictions, Circular motion, Motion of a car on a level road, Motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics. |
System Of Particles And Rotational Motion | Rigid body motion, Centre of mass, Centre of Gravity, Motion of center of mass, Linear momentum of a system of particles, Vector product of two vectors, Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, Angular acceleration, Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, Moment of force (Torque), Angular momentum of a particle, Torque and angular momentum for a system of a particle - conservation of angular momentum, Equilibrium of a rigid body, Principle of moments, Moment of inertia, Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, Angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis - conservation of angular momentum, Rolling motion, Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion. |
Oscillations | Periodic and oscillatory motions, Period and frequency, Displacement, Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion, Force law for Simple harmonic Motion, Energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing Simple Harmonic Motion, Oscillations due to a spring, The Simple Pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, Forced oscillations and resonance |
Gravitation | Kepler’s laws, the Universal law of gravitation, central forces, the gravitational constant, Acceleration due to gravity of the earth, Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of the earth, Gravitational potential energy, Escape speed, Orbital Speed, Earth satellites, Energy of an orbiting satellite, Geostationary and polar satellites, Weightlessness. |
Mechanical Properties Of Solids | Elastic behaviour of solids, Stress and strain, Hooke’s law, Stress-strain curve, Elastic moduli, Young’s Modulus, Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire, Shear Modulus, Bulk Modulus, Poisson’s ratio, Elastic potential energy in a stretched wire, Applications of elastic behaviour of materials. |
Mechanical Properties Of Fluids | Pressure, Pascal’s Law, Variation of Pressure with Depth, Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure, Hydraulic Machines, Archimedes’ Principle, a streamlined flow, Bernoulli’s principle, Speed of Efflux, Torricelli’s Law, Venturi- meter, Blood Flow and Heart Attack, Dynamic Lift, Viscosity, Variation of Viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes’ Law, Reynolds number, Critical Velocity, Surface tension and Surface Energy, Angle of Contact, Drops, and Bubbles, Capillary Rise, Detergents and Surface Tension. |
Thermal Properties Of Matter | Temperature and heat, Measurement of temperature, Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, Thermal expansion, Specific heat capacity, Calorimetry, Change of state, Triple Point, Regelation, Latent Heat, Heat transfer – Conduction, convection and radiation, Black body Radiation, Greenhouse Effect, Newton’s law of cooling and its experimental verification. |
Thermodynamics | Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat, Internal Energy and work, First law of thermodynamics, Specific heat capacity, Specific heat capacity of water, Thermodynamic state variables and equation of State, Thermodynamic processes, Quasistatic process, Isothermal Process, Adiabatic Process, Isochoric Process, Isobaric process, Cyclic process, Heat engines, Refrigerators and heat pumps, Second law of thermodynamics, Reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine, Carnot’s theorem. |
Kinetic Theory | Molecular nature of matter, Behaviour of gases, Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Kinetic theory of an ideal gas, Pressure of an Ideal Gas, Kinetic interpretation of temperature, Law of equipartition of energy, Specific heat capacity, Monatomic Gases, Diatomic Gases, Polyatomic Gases, Specific Heat Capacity of Solids, Specific Heat Capacity of Water, Mean free path. |
Waves | Transverse and longitudinal waves, wave displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and frequency, the speed of a traveling wave, speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats, Doppler effect – source moving & Observer stationary, observer moving and source stationery, both observer and source are moving, applications of Doppler effect. |
Ray Optics And Optical Instruments | Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors, Sign convention, Focal length of spherical mirror, Mirror equation, refraction, total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications, refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, a combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, natural phenomena due to sunlight – Rainbow, Scattering of light, optical instruments, the eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope. |
Wave Optics | Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary), reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect, coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young‘s experiment, Diffraction, Single slit, resolving power of optical instruments, the validity of ray optics, Polarization by scattering, Polarisation by reflection, plane polarized light, polaroids |
Electric Charges And Fields | Electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb’s law, forces between multiple charges, electric field, electric field due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane, physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss’s law, Applications of Gauss’s Law infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire, infinite plane sheet, field due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell. |
Electrostatic Potential And Capacitance | Electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, the relation between field and potential, the potential energy of a system of charges, potential energy in an external field, the potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field, the potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, dielectrics and polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator. |
Current Electricity | Electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm’s law, the drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm’s law, the resistivity of various materials, color code of resistors, Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power. Combination of Resistors, Series and Parallel, Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and parallel, Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone Bridge, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer. |
Moving Charges And Magnetism | Magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields, , velocity selector, cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot – Savart’s law, Magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere’s circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel current carrying conductors, the ampere (UNIT), torque on current loop, magnetic dipole, torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the Moving Coil Galvanometer; conversion into ammeter and voltmeter. |
Magnetism And Matter | The bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, the bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, The dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic analog, Magnetism, and Gauss’s Law, The Earth’s magnetism, magnetic declination and dip, magnetization and magnetic intensity, magnetic properties of materials – Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism and Ferromagnetism, permanent magnets and electromagnets. |
Electromagnetic Induction | The experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday’s Law of induction, Lenz’s law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration - a quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, mutual inductance, self-inductance, AC generator. |
Alternating Current | AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors - Phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit, Phasor–diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance, Power in AC circuit: The power factor, Wattless current LC oscillations, transformers. |
Electromagnetic Waves | Displacement Current, Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays. |
Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter | Electron emission, Photoelectric Effect, Hertz’s observations, Hallwachs and Lenard’s observations, experimental study of photoelectric the effect, the effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, the effect of potential on photoelectric current, the effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, the Photoelectric effect, and the Wave theory of Light, Einstein’s Photoelectric equation, Energy Quantum of Radiation, particle nature of light, the photon, wave nature of matter, photocell, Davisson and Germer Experiment |
Atoms | Alpha particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom, alpha particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck – Hertz experiment, the line spectra of the hydrogen atom, de Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantization. |
Nuclei | Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus, Mass - Energy, Nuclear Binding Energy, Binding energy of Nucleon and its variation with Mass Number, Nuclear Force, Radioactivity - Law of radioactive decay, half-life and mean life of a Radioactive material, Alpha decay, Beta decay and Gamma decay, Nuclear Energy, Fission, Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars, controlled thermonuclear fusion. |
Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices And Simple Circuits | Classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors based on conductivity and energy bands, Band theory of solids, Intrinsic semiconductor, Extrinsic semiconductor, p-type semiconductor, n-type semiconductor, p-n junction, forward bias, reverse bias, Semiconductor diode, Application of junction diode as a rectifier, Zener Diode, Zener Diode as a voltage regulator, Optoelectronic junction devices, Photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell. Junction transistor, structure and action, Basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE – Configuration), Feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator, Digital Electronics and Logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR Gates, Integrated circuits. |
Communication Systems | Elements of a Communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, the bandwidth of signals, the bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves, space wave, modulation, and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave. |
