AP EAMCET 2025 Syllabus PDF - Download Latest AP EAMCET Syllabus for All Subjects

Algebra

• De Moivre’s Theorem: De Moivre’s theorem - Geometrical Interpretations - nth roots of unity - Integral and Rational indices - Illustrations.
• Theory of Equations: Solving the equations when two or more roots it are connected by a certain relation - The relation between the roots and coefficients in an equation - Equation with real coefficients, the happening of complex roots in conjugate pairs and its consequences.
• Complex Numbers: Complex number as an ordered pair of real numbers - Modulus and amplitude of complex numbers - Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib (excluding Square root of Complex numbers and related problems) - fundamental operations - Illustrations - Geometrical and Polar Representation of complex numbers in Argand plane - Argand diagram.
• Matrices: Types of matrices - Determinants (excluding properties of determinants) - Transpose of a matrix - Scalar multiple of a matrix and multiplication of matrices - Adjoint and Inverse of a matrix - Rank of a matrix - solution of simultaneous linear equations (Excluding Gauss Jordan Method).
• Functions: Definitions - Types of functions - Real valued functions (Domain and Range).Permutations and Combinations: Permutations of ‘n’ dissimilar things taken ‘r’ at a time - Fundamental Principle of counting - linear and circular permutations - Permutations when repetitions allowed - Circular permutations - Permutations with constraint repetitions - Combinations - definitions, certain theorems. (Excluding derivation of Formula npr and ncr ).
• Partial fractions: Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) where both f(x) and g(x) are polynomials and when g(x) contains repeated and/or non-repeated linear factors - Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains non - repeated linear factors - Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains irreducible factors (excluding conversion of f(x)/g(x) in power series of x)
• Quadratic Expressions: Sign of quadratic expressions - Quadratic expressions, equations in one variable - Change in signs - Maximum and minimum values.

Co-Ordinate Geometry

• Locus: Definition of locus –Illustrations find equations of problems connected to it.
• Pair of Straight lines: Equations of pair of lines passing through origin - Condition for perpendicular and coincident lines, bisectors of angles - the angle between a pair of lines - Pair of bisectors of angles (excluding proofs of all the theorems only) - second - degree general equation - Pair of lines - Homogenizing a second - degree equation with a first - degree equation in x and y - Conditions for parallel lines - the distance between them, Point of the intersection of pair of lines.
• The Straight Line: Concurrent lines - Straight line - Normal form – Revision of fundamental results - Illustrations - Straight line - Straight line - Symmetric form - Reduction into various forms - Family of straight lines - Concurrent lines - Intersection of two Straight Lines - Condition for Concurrent lines - Length of perpendicular from a point to a Line - Angle between two lines - Distance between two parallel lines - properties related to a triangle.
• System of circles: Radical axis of two circles properties - Angle between two intersecting circles - radical centre - Common chord and common tangent of two circles – Intersection of a line and a Circle.
• Circle: Equation of circle - parametric equations of a circle - Position of a point in the plane of a circle – standard form - centre and radius equation of a circle with a given line segment as diameter & equation of a circle through three non-collinear points - the power of a point - definition of tangent - length of a tangent - chord joining two points on a circle – Position of a straight line in the plane of a circle - conditions for a line to be tangent – equation of the tangent at a point on the circle - equation of normal - Chord of contact - point of contact - pole and polar - conjugate points and conjugate lines - equation of chord with given middle point.
• Ellipse: Equation of ellipse in standard form - Parametric equations
• Parabola: Parabola - equation of parabola in standard form - Conic sections – different forms of parabola - parametric equations.
• Three-Dimensional Coordinates: Coordinates - Section formulae - Centroid of a triangle and tetrahedron.
• Hyperbola: Equation of hyperbola in standard form - Parametric equations - conditions for a straight line to be a tangent - Equations of tangent and normal at a point on the hyperbola (Cartesian and parametric) - asymptotes.
• Plane: Cartesian equation of Plane – Simple Illustrations (Excluding angle between two planes and problems related to it).
• Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios: Direction Cosines – Direction Ratios (Excluding angle between two lines and problems related to it).

Trigonometry

• Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations: Trigonometric ratios of multiple and sub-multiple angles - Transformations - Graphs and Periodicity of Trigonometric functions - Trigonometric ratios and Compound angles - Sum and Product rules.
• Properties of Triangles: Relation between sides and angles of a Triangle - Sine, Cosine, In-circle and Ex - Excircle of a Triangle (excluding problems related to heights and distances) - Tangent and Projection rules - Half angle formulae and areas of a triangle.
• Hyperbolic Functions: Graphs - Graphs - Definition of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions - Definition of Hyperbolic Function - Addition formulae of Hyperbolic Functions.

Calculus

• Limits and Continuity: Limits - Intervals and neighbourhoods – Standard Limits – Continuity.
• Differentiation: Methods of Differentiation - Elementary Properties - Trigonometric, Inverse Trigonometric, Hyperbolic, Inverse Hyperbolic Function – Derivative of a function - Derivatives - Second Order Derivatives.
• Applications of Derivatives: Increasing and decreasing functions - Equations of tangents and normals - Geometrical Interpretation of a derivative - Angles between two curves and condition for orthogonality of curves - Maxima and Minima.
• ∫√(ax² + bx + c) dx, ∫(px +q)√(ax² +bx + c) dx) - Integration by parts
• Integration by partial fractions method - Reduction formulae
• Definite Integrals: Fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus– Properties - Reduction formulae.
• Integration: Standard forms - properties of integrals - Method of substitution - Integration as the inverse process of differentiation - integration of Algebraic, logarithmic, exponential, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions (excluding the integrals of the form.
• Differential equations: Degree and order of an ordinary differential equation - Solving differential equation by i) Homogeneous differential equation, ii) Variables separable method, iii) Linear differential equations (excluding Solution of linear differential Equations of the type dx/dy + ?? =? Where P and Q are constants or functions of y only.

Vector Algebra

• Product of Vectors: Geometrical Interpretations - Scalar Product - orthogonal projections - Expression of the dot product in i, j, k system - Angle between two vectors - Properties of dot product - Geometrical Vector methods – Angle between two planes - Vector product of two vectors and properties Vector product in i, j, k system - Vector Areas - Vector equations of the plane in normal form.
• Addition of Vectors: Vectors as a triad of real numbers - Addition of vectors - Scalar multiplication - Classification of vectors - Angle between two non-zero vectors - Component of a vector in three dimensions - A linear combination of vectors - Vector equations of line and plane including their Cartesian equivalent forms.

Measures of Dispersion and Probability

• Probability: Classical definition of probability, Axiomatic approach and addition theorem of probability - conditional probability - Random experiments and events - Independent and dependent events - multiplication theorem and Baye’s theorem.
• Range - Mean deviation - Measures of Dispersion - Variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data.
• Random Variables and Probability Distributions: Theoretical discrete distributions – Random Variables - Binomial and Poisson Distributions.

Introduction of Units and Measurements, Measurement of Large Distances, Size of a Molecule, The international system of units, Measurement of Length, Estimation of Very Small Distances Range of Lengths, Measurement of Mass, Range of Masses, Random errors, Accuracy, Systematic errors, Precision of instruments and errors in measurement, Measurement of time, Least count error, Absolute Error, Relative Error and Percentage Error, Combination of Errors, Significant figures, Rules for Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures, Dimensions of Physical Quantities, Rounding off the Uncertain Digits, Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic Calculations, Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations, Dimensional Formulae and dimensional equations, Dimensional Analysis and its Applications, Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities.

Introduction to Motion in a plane, position and displacement vectors, Scalars and vectors, equality of vectors, addition and subtraction of vectors - graphical method, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, resolution of vectors, motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, vector addition - analytical method, velocity, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, equation of path of a projectile, projectile motion, time of maximum height, the horizontal range of projectile, maximum height of a projectile, uniform circular motion.

Introduction to Motion in a straight line, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, path length and displacement, position, average velocity and average speed, acceleration, instantaneous velocity and speed, and relative velocity.

Laws of Motion

Introduction to Laws of Motion, Common forces in mechanics, static, kinetic and rolling frictions, Aristotle’s fallacy, Equilibrium of a particle, types of friction, Circular motion, Motion of a car on a banked road, Motion of a car on a level road, solving problems in mechanics.

Work, Energy and Power

Introduction to Work, Work, Energy and Power, Notions of work and kinetic energy, The Scalar Product, The work-energy theorem, Kinetic energy, Work done by a variable force, The concept of Potential Energy, The work-energy theorem for a variable force, The conservation of Mechanical Energy, Various forms of energy, Heat, The Potential Energy of a spring, Chemical Energy, Electrical Energy, Nuclear Energy, The Equivalence of Mass and Energy, The Principle of Conservation of Energy, Power, Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, Collisions, Collisions in one dimension, Collisions in Two Dimensions, Coefficient of Restitution and its determination.

Introduction to Oscillations, some systems executing Simple Harmonic Motion, Period and frequency, Displacement, Periodic and oscillatory motions, Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, Force law for Simple harmonic Motion, Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion, Oscillations due to a spring, The Simple Pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, Energy in simple harmonic motion, Forced oscillations and resonance.

Introduction to System Of Particles And Rotational Motion, Centre of mass, Rigid body motion, Centre of Gravity, Linear momentum of a system of particles, Motion of centre of mass, Vector product of two vectors, Angular acceleration, Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis,  Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, Moment of force (Torque), Torque and angular momentum for a system of a particle, Angular momentum of a particle, conservation of angular momentum, Equilibrium of a rigid body, Moment of inertia, Principle of moments, Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, Rolling motion, Angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis, Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion.

Introduction to Mechanical Properties Of Solids, Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, Hooke’s law, Elastic behaviour of solids, Stress and strain, Stress-strain curve, Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire, Elastic moduli, Applications of elastic behaviour of materials and Bulk Modulus.

Introduction to Thermodynamics, Thermal equilibrium, Heat, Internal Energy and work, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, First law of thermodynamics, Specific heat capacity of water, Specific heat capacity, Thermodynamic state variables and equation of State, Quasi-static process, Isothermal Process, Adiabatic Process, Thermodynamic processes, Isochoric Process, Cyclic process, Isobaric process, Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot engine, Reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot’s theorem.

Introduction to Gravitation, the gravitational constant, central forces, Universal law of gravitation, Gravitational potential energy, Escape speed, Acceleration due to gravity of the earth, Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of the earth, Energy of an orbiting satellite, Orbital Speed, Earth satellites, Weightlessness, Geostationary and polar satellites.

Introduction to Mechanical Properties Of Fluids, Detergents and Surface Tension, Pressure, Variation of Pressure with Depth, Pascal’s Law, Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure, streamlined flow, Speed of Efflux, Bernoulli’s principle, Torricelli’s Law, Archimedes’ Principle, Hydraulic Machines, Blood Flow and Heart Attack, Dynamic Lift, Variation of Viscosity of fluids with temperature, Venturi- meter, Viscosity, Stokes’ Law, Reynolds number, Critical Velocity, Surface tension and Surface Energy, Angle of Contact, Drops and Bubbles, Capillary Rise.

Introduction to Kinetic Theory, Molecular nature of matter, Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Behaviour of gases, Kinetic theory of an ideal gas, Pressure of an Ideal Gas, Law of equipartition of energy, Specific heat capacity, Kinetic interpretation of temperature, Monatomic Gases, Diatomic Gases, Specific Heat Capacity of Water, Specific Heat Capacity of Solids, Polyatomic Gases, Mean free-path.

Introduction to Thermal Properties Of Matter, Temperature and heat, Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, Measurement of temperature, Thermal expansion, Change of state, Specific heat capacity, Calorimetry, Triple Point, Latent Heat, Regelation, Newton’s law of cooling and its experimental verification.

Introduction to Ray Optics And Optical Instruments, refraction, Sign convention, total internal reflection, refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications, a combination of thin lenses in contact, dispersion by a prism, optical instruments, refraction through a prism, the eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope.

Introduction to Electric Charges And Fields, conductors and insulators, Electric charge, basic properties of electric charges, charging by induction, additivity of charges, quantization of charge, conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law, forces between multiple charges, electric field due to a system of charges, electric field, the physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric flux, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, the physical significance of dipoles, Gauss’s law.

Introduction to Waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, Transverse and longitudinal waves, amplitude and phase, period, wavelength and angular wave number, the speed of a travelling wave, speed of a transverse wave on a stretched string, angular frequency and frequency, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), reflection of waves, the principle of superposition of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats.

Introduction to Wave Optics, Huygens principle, refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary), refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, the reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, coherent and incoherent addition of waves, the Doppler effect, interference of light waves and Young‘s experiment.

Introduction to Current Electricity, electric current in conductors, Electric current, Ohm’s law, mobility, limitations of Ohm’s law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, Temperature dependence of resistivity, Cells, EMF, electrical energy, power, internal resistance, cells in series and parallel, Wheatstone Bridge, Kirchhoff’s rules, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer.

Introduction to Moving Charges And Magnetism, sources and fields, Magnetic force, magnetic field, Lorentz force, motion in a magnetic field, the helical motion of charged particles, the magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, magnetic field due to a current element, Magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Biot – Savart’s law, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, Ampere’s circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, magnetic dipole, the force between two parallel current carrying conductors, the ampere (UNIT), torque on a current loop, torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the Moving Coil Galvanometer; conversion into ammeter and voltmeter.

Altering Current

Introduction to Altering Current, AC voltage applied to a resistor, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit, representation of AC and voltage by rotating vectors - Phasors, Phasor–diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, LC oscillations, sharpness of resonance, transformers.

Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction, magnetic flux, Faraday’s Law of induction, experiments of Faraday and Henry, Lenz’s law and conservation of energy, energy consideration - a quantitative study, motional electromotive force, Eddy currents, mutual inductance, inductance, self-inductance, AC generator.

Electrostatic Potential And Capacitance

Introduction to Electrostatic Potential And Capacitance, Electrostatic potential, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, potential due to a point charge, the relation between field and potential, potential energy in an external field, the potential energy of a single charge, the potential energy of a system of charges, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, the potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatic shielding, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, dielectrics and polarisation, the parallel plate capacitor, a combination of capacitors, effect of dielectric on capacitance, capacitors in series, energy stored in a capacitor, capacitors in parallel, Van de Graaff generator.

Introduction, the line spectra of the hydrogen atom, Alpha particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom, electron orbits, de Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantization, alpha particle trajectory, atomic spectra, spectral series, Franck – Hertz experiment, energy levels, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, LASERlight.

Electromagnetic Waves

Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, microwaves, infrared waves, ultraviolet rays, visible rays, X-rays, gamma rays.

Introduction to Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices And Simple Circuits, Classification of metals, Band theory of solids, Intrinsic semiconductor, conductors, and semiconductors based on conductivity and energy bands, Extrinsic semiconductor, n-type semiconductor, Optoelectronic junction devices, p-type semiconductor, Photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell.

Junction transistor, Basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics, structure and action, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE – Configuration), Digital Electronics and Logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR Gates, Feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator, Integrated circuits.

Introduction to Communication Systems, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, Elements of a Communication system, bandwidth of signals, propagation of electromagnetic waves, bandwidth of transmission medium, ground waves, space wave, modulation and its necessity, sky waves, production of amplitude modulated wave, size of the antenna or aerial, mixing up of signals from different transmitters, effective power radiated by an antenna, amplitude modulation, detection of amplitude modulated wave.

Dual Nature Of Radiation and Matter

Introduction to Dual Nature Of Radiation and Matter, Electron emission, Hertz’s observations, Photoelectric Effect, Hallwachs and Lenard’s observations, the effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, experimental study of the photoelectric effect, the effect of potential on photoelectric current, Photoelectric effect and Wave theory of Light, the effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, Einstein’s Photoelectric equation, particle nature of light, the photon, Energy Quantum of Radiation, wave nature of matter, photocell.

Introduction to Nuclei, Fission, Atomic masses and composition of the nucleus, size of the nucleus, Mass - Energy, Nuclear Force, the discovery of the neutron, Nuclear Energy, energy generation in stars, Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, and controlled thermonuclear fusion.

Developments to Bohr’s model of atom; Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation- Planck’s quantum theory; Wave nature of electromagnetic radiation; Bohr’s model for Hydrogen atom; Limitations of Bohr’s model; Explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; Quantum mechanical considerations of subatomic particles; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; Dual behaviour of matter; Quantum mechanical model of an atom. Important features of the Quantum mechanical model of atom; Shapes of atomic orbitals; Energies of orbitals; Orbitals and quantum numbers; and Filling of orbitals in atoms. Aufbau Principle, Electronic configurations of atoms; Pauli’s exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity; Stability of half-filled and filled orbitals.

Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bonding, formal charges, Octet rule, Lewis representation of simple molecules, limitations of octet rule; - Factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds, Ionic or electrovalent bond - Crystal structure of sodium chloride,General properties of ionic compounds; Bond Parameters - bond length, bond angle, and bond enthalpy, bond order, Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond - Types of hydrogen bonds-inter and intra molecular, Valence bond theory-Orbital overlap concept-Directional properties of bonds-overlapping of atomic orbitals-types of overlapping and nature of covalent bonds-strength of sigma and pi bonds - Factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds; resonance - Polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory; Coordinate bond - definition with examples; Hybridisation - different types of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals- shapes of simple covalent molecules; Energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals - Molecular orbital theory - Formation of molecular orbitals, Bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules- H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2 and O2- Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) - conditions for combination of atomic orbitals - General properties of hydrogen bonds.

Intermolecular forces; Thermal Energy; Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (No derivation) deduction of gas laws from Kinetic gas equation; Intermolecular forces vs. thermal interactions; The Gas Laws; Ideal gas equation; Graham’s law of diffusion - Dalton’s Law of partial pressures; Kinetic molecular theory of gases; Behaviour of real gases - Deviation from Ideal gas behaviour - The Gaseous State; Compressibility factor Vs Pressure diagrams of real gases.

• Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; Electronic configuration and types of elements s,p,d. and f blocks; Electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table; Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100; Trends in physical properties:(a) Atomic radius, (b) Ionic radius (c) Variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) Ionization enthalpy,(e) Electron gain enthalpy, (f) Electro negativity
• Periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Anomalous properties of second-period elements - diagonal relationship; Periodic trends and chemical reactivity, (b) Valence or Oxidation states.

The system and the surroundings; Thermodynamic Terms; Types of systems and surroundings; The Internal Energy as a State Function. The state of the system; (a) Heat (b) Work (c) general case, the first law of Thermodynamics; Applications; Work; Enthalpy, H- a useful new state function; Extensive and intensive properties; The relationship between Cp and Cv; Enthalpy change, ∆rH of reactions - reaction Enthalpy (a) Standard enthalpy of reactions, Measurement of ∆U and ∆H: Calorimetry (b) Standard enthalpy of formation, (c) Enthalpy changes during transformations, (d) Hess’s law of constant Heat summation; Enthalpies for different types of reactions (e) Thermo chemical equations.

(a) Enthalpy of atomization (∆aH0), (b) Standard enthalpy of combustion (∆cH0), sublimation and ionization, phase transition (c) Gibbs Energy and spontaneity; Absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics (d) Bond Enthalpy (∆bondH0). (a) Entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics (b) Is a decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity? (c) Enthalpy of solution (∆solH0) and dilution-lattice enthalpy; Spontaneity.

• Laws of Chemical Combinations - Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Atomic and molecular masses- mole concept and molar mass.
• Concept of equivalent weight; Stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations-limiting reagent; Percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; Methods of Expressing concentrations of solutions mass per cent, mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality; oxidation and reduction reactions in terms of electron transfer; Redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, Oxidation number concept; Types of Redox reactions- decomposition, combination, displacement and disproportionation reactions; Balancing of redox reactions - oxidation number

Equilibrium in Physical process; Equilibrium constant in gaseous systems, Law of chemical Equilibrium - Law of mass action and Equilibrium constant; Equilibrium in chemical process - Dynamic Equilibrium; Homogeneous Equilibria. Relationship between KP and Kc; Heterogeneous Equilibria; Relationship between Equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; Applications of Equilibrium constant; Factors affecting Equilibria.-Le-chattier principle application to the industrial synthesis of Ammonia and Sulphur trioxide; Ionic Equilibrium in solutions; Acids, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and bases; Ionisation of Acids and Bases - Ionisation constant of water and its ionic product- pH scale-bases and salts- Arrhenius, ionisation constants of weak acids-ionisation of weak bases-relation between Ka and Kb-Di and polybasic acids and di and poly acidic Bases-Buffer solutions- Solubility product constant Common ion effect on solubility of Ionic salts. Factors affecting acid strength- Common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases- Solubility Equilibria of sparingly soluble salts.

THE s - Block Elements (Alkali And Alkaline Earth Metals)

Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; Hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; Dihydrogen- Occurrence and Isotopes; Water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice. Temporary and permanent hardness of water; Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, Heavy Water; Hydrogen as a fuel.

p- Block Elements Group 13 & 14

• BORON FAMILY: General introduction - Electronic configuration, Ionization enthalpy, Atomic radii, Electro negativity; Important trends and anomalous properties of boron; Uses of boron, Physical & Chemical properties (Note: Aluminum reactivity towards acids & alkalies is deleted), aluminium and their compounds.
• CARBON FAMILY: General introduction - Atomic radii, Electronic configuration, Ionization enthalpy, Physical & Chemical properties; Electro negativity; Allotropes of carbon; Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; Uses of carbon

General introduction; Tetravalency of Carbon: shapes of organic compounds; Classification of organic compounds; Nomenclature of organic compounds; Isomerism; Structural representations of organic compounds; Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; Nucleophiles and electrophiles; Fission of covalent bond; Electron movements in organic reactions; Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: inductive effect, resonance, electromeric effect, resonance effect, hyperconjugation

Ozonolysis and Polymerization; Alkynes - Nomenclature and isomerism, the structure of acetylene. Types of Organic reactions; Hydrocarbons: Classification of Hydrocarbons; Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only); Preparation of alkanes; Properties - Physical properties and chemical Reactivity, Substitution reactions – Halogenation (the free radical mechanism is deleted), Isomerisation, Controlled Oxidation, Aromatization, and reaction with steam; Isomerism (structural and geometrical); Methods of preparation; Alkenes- Nomenclature, the structure of ethene, Properties- Physical and chemical reactions: Addition of Hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, Hydrogen halides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s, anti-Markovnikov’s or Kharasch effect). Oxidation, Physical properties, Methods of preparation of acetylene; addition reactions- of hydrogen, Halogen, Hydrogen halides and water, Chemical reactions- the acidic character of acetylene. Polymerization; Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Resonance and aromaticity; Nomenclature and isomerism, Structure of benzene, Preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Electrophilic substitution reaction, Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution. nitration, Halogenation, Directive influence of functional groups in mono-substituted benzene, Sulphonation, Friedel-Craft’s alkylation and acylation; Carcinogenicity and toxicity.

Types of solutions; Expressing concentration of solutions - mass percentage, mass by volume percentage, volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid, molarity and morality;  Henry’s law; Vapour pressure of liquid solutions: vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions. Raoult’s law as a special case of Henry’s law - vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; Ideal and nonideal solutions; elevation of boiling point-depression of freezing relative and pressure- reverse osmosis and water purification, Colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure.

Solid state

General characteristics of solid state; Classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solids); Amorphous and crystalline solids; Crystal lattices and unit cells, Probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography. Bravais lattices primitive and centred unit cells; Number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred and face centred cubic unit cell); Close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions and in three dimensions- tetrahedral and octahedral voids - locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids - formula of a compound and number of voids filled; Packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc and hcp, ccp lattice; Calculations involving unit cell dimensions - density of the unit cell; Imperfections in solids - types of point defects-stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects.

Carbohydrates - Classification of carbohydrates- Properties and structure of glucose - D, L configurations and (+), (-) configurations of glucose - Structure of fructose; Monosaccharides: preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch, Disaccharides: Sucrose- preparation, structure; Invert sugar- Structures of maltose and lactose- Polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen- Importance of carbohydrates (Note: Sucrose, lactose, maltose, starch, carbohydrates importance is deleted); Aminoacids: Proteins: Natural aminoacids-classification of amino acids - structures and D and L forms-Zwitter ions; ProteinsStructures, fibrous, classification, and globular- primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins- Denaturation of proteins; Vitamins: Classification of vitamins - sources of vitamins-deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins, structures of nucleic acids, Explanation-names; Nucleic acids: chemical composition of nucleic acids, DNA fingerprinting biological functions of nucleic acids.

Haloalkanes And Haloarenes

Classification and nomenclature; Methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides- from alcohols, from hydrocarbons, Nature of C-X bond;

(a) By electrophilic substitution

(b) By free radical halogenation

(c) By the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by-halogen exchange reactions

(d) Replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction); Physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility

Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes -

(i) Nucleophilic substitution reactions

(a) SN² mechanism (b)SN¹ mechanism (c) stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions- optical activity (ii) Elimination reactions (iii) Reaction with metals

Reactions of haloarenes: (i) Electrophilic substitution (ii) Nucleophilic substitution and (iii) Reaction with metals.

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

• Amines: Classification; Structure of amines; Nomenclature; Preparation of amines: reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides, Physical properties; Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; Chemical reactions: alkylation, the basic character of amines, acylation, carbonyl amine reaction, reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, reaction with nitrous acid, the electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines (aniline) - nitration and sulphonation, bromination.
• Cyanides and Isocyanides: Preparation, Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides and isocyanide.