Grammar | Parts of Speech (a class of words that describes the role of a word in a sentence or the kinds of ideas they express in a sentence) | Nouns: name of people, places, animals, ideas and things that can be classified into Common nouns, Proper nouns, Singular Nouns and Plural Nouns; for e.g. ball, car, school, book, stick, pair of shoes, fear, darkness |
Pronouns: words used to substitute a noun in a sentence classified into personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, relative pronouns, possessive pronouns, and indefinite pronouns; for e.g. I, he, she, someone, who, my, myself, it, yours, nobody |
Verbs: describes an action being performed by the noun or the subject in a sentence, occurrence, or state of being; for e.g. read, run, sit, play, visited, pick, are going |
Adjectives: words used to describe or provide more information about the noun or the subject in a sentence exhibiting degrees of comparison classified into Comparative adjectives and Superlative adjectives; for e.g. good, beautiful, quick, bigger, laziest |
Adverbs: words that modify or provide more information about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs used in a sentence by adding “-ly” to the end of an adjective classified into adverbs of degree, adverbs of manner, adverbs of time, adverbs of place, and adverbs of frequency; for e.g. quickly, rudely, quite, hardly, outside, here, yesterday, everyday |
Prepositions: words or phrases used to link or show the relationship between one part of the sentence with another and indicate aspects such as time, place, and direction; for e.g. in, out, under, near, besides, below, over, opposite |
Conjunctions: words connecting two different parts of a sentence, phrases and clauses; for e.g. because, either, or, unless, although, because, yet, not only, etc. |
Tenses: a form of verb that indicates the time at which an action or event takes place, such as in the past, present, or future; for e.g. Present, Past, Future, Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous |
Subject-Verb Agreement | the grammatical rule pertaining to the agreement between the subject and the verb establishing that the verb or verbs in a sentence must match the number, person, and gender of the subject |
Sentence Structure | simple, complex, compound, and compound-complex - Simple sentence: contains a subject and a verb (She wrote a letter.)
- Complex sentence: has at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (She studied hard because she wanted to ace the exam.)
- Compound sentence: contains at least two independent clauses joined by a comma, semicolon or conjunction
- Compound complex sentence: combines a compound sentence with a complex sentence and contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause
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Tenses | - Present tense
- Present continuous tense
- Present perfect tense
- Present perfect continuous tense
- Simple past tense
- Past continuous tense
- Past perfect tense
- Past perfect continuous
- Future Simple
- Future continuous tense
- Future perfect tense
- Future perfect continuous tense
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Articles | words that indicate or point out nouns without describing them that can be classified in Definite articles referring to specific things (for e.g. 'the') and Indefinite articles referring to nonspecific things (for e.g. 'a', 'an') |
Modifiers | Words, phrases, and clauses that are responsible for modifying or enhancing the meaning of a sentence (for e.g. first, carefully, beneath the car, until the last minute) |
Clauses and Phrases | - Clause: a group of words containing a subject and a predicate both
- Phrase: a group of words that does not contain a subject or a predicate but may contain nouns and verbs
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Direct and Indirect Speech | - Direct speech: used to communicate things directly and no third person is used (for e.g. "I had a burger yesterday", Tiyasa said)
- Indirect speech: used to quote the third person indirectly by explaining what he/she is trying to say without using his exact words or phrases (for e.g. Tiyasa said she had a burger yesterday.)
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Active and Passive Voice | - Active Voice: Subject of the sentence performs the action of the verb with a more direct approach, clearly identifying who or what is performing an action. (for e.g. Seema does her homework everyday)
- Passive Voice: Subject receives the action of the verb and the emphasis is put on the action and the recipient rather than the doer (for e.g. The meal was prepared by me yesterday)
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Error Detection | Identifying different types of errors in a sentence relating to spelling, punctuation, grammar, verb, structure, and word choice, and rectifying them |
Sentence Correction | Rearrangement of words in a sentence to make it grammatically correct and convey the meaning that is intended |