States of matter (Gases & liquids) | - Laws of gas & ideal equation of gas
- Absolute temperature scale
- Equation by Van Der Waals
- Kinetic theory of gases
- Root mean square, most probable velocities and the relation with temperature
- Partial pressure laws
- Gases diffusion
- Intermolecular interactions (their types, distance dependence, effect on properties)
- Liquids (vapor pressure, surface tension, and viscosity)
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Atomic structure | - Bohr model
- Hydrogen atom spectrum
- Duality of wave particle
- Hypothesis by De Broglie
- Principle of uncertainty
- Qualitative mechanical picture of hydrogen atom
- Energies, wave function, quantum number, probability density, S/P/D orbitals
- Aufbau’s principle
- Exclusion principle by Pauli
- Rule bu Hund
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Chemical bonding & molecular structure | - Covalent bond
- Orbital overlap
- Hybridisation for S,P, and D orbitals
- Hydrogen bond
- Molecules polarity
- Dipole moment
- Model of VSEPR
- Shapes of molecules
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Chemical thermodynamics | - Extensive/intensive properties
- State functions
- First & second law of thermodynamics
- Work, heat, and internal energy
- Enthalpy
- Heat capacity
- Standard state
- Law by Hess
- Enthalpy of reaction
- Vapourization/fusion
- Lattice enthalpy
- Entropy/ gibbs energy/equilibrium & spontaneity criteria
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Chemical & ionic equilibrium | - Mass action law
- Equilibrium constant & reaction quotient
- Principle by Le Chatelier
- Solubility product (its applications)
- Ion effect
- PH/buffer solutions
- Acids & bases
- Salts hydrolysis
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Electrochemistry | - Electrochemical cells/cell reactions
- Standard electrode potentials
- Electrochemical work
- Equation by Nernst
- Electrochemical series
- Galvanic cells EMF
- Faraday's law
- Electrolytic conductance
- Equivalent/specific/molar conductivity
- Kohlrausch’s law
- Batteries, primary & secondary, corrosion, fuel cells
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Chemical kinetics | - Chemical reaction rates
- Order/molecularity of reactions
- Rate law & constant, half-life
- Differential & integrated rate expressions for zero/first order reactions
- Temperature dependence of rate constant
- Catalysis/homogeneous & heterogeneous/activity & selectivity of solid catalysts
- Enzyme catalysis & its mechanism
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Solid state | - Classification of solids
- Crystalline state
- Seven crystal systems
- Close packed structure of solids
- FCC/BCC/HCP lattices packaging
- Ionic radii/radius ratio
- Point defects
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Solutions | - Law by Henry, Raoult
- Ideal solutions
- Colligative properties
- Vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation
- Freezing point depression
- Osmotic pressure
- Van’t Hoff factor
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Surface chemistry | - Adsorption elementary concepts, chemisorption & physisorption
- Freundlich adsorption isotherm
- Colloids (types, general properties, methods of preparation)
- Emulsions elementary ideas
- Micelles/surfactants
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Classification of properties & periodicity in elements | - Modern/present form of periodic table
- Elements electronic configuration
- Periodic table in atomic radius
- Ionic radius/ionization enthalpy
- Electron gain enthalpy
- Valence
- States of oxidation
- Electronegativity/chemical reactivity
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Hydrogen | - Hydrogen’s position in periodic table
- Occurrence/isotopes/properties/preparation/uses of hydrogen/hydrides (ionic, interstitial, covalent)
- Physical/chemical properties of water, heavy water
- Preparation, use, structure, reactions of hydrogen peroxide
- Hydrogen as a fuel
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S block elements | - Alkaline & alkali earth metals, reaction towards water, air, halogens, acids, & dihydrogen, elements uses
- Oxide/hydroxides/halides general characteristics
- Oxacids salts
- Lithium & beryllium anomalous behavior
- Uses/preparation/properties of compounds of sodium carbonate & calcium
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P block elements | - Group 13-17 oxidation state & trends in chemical reactivity
- Boron/carbon/nitrogen/oxygen/fluorine anomalous properties
- Group 13-17 reactivity, uses, preparation & properties
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D & F block elements | - Lanthanoid/actinoid contractions
- State of oxidation & general characteristics
- States of oxidation and their stability
- Standard electrode potentials
- Interstitial compounds
- Alloys
- Catalytic properties
- Structure/application/preparation/reactions of chromium, manganese, oxoanions
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Coordination compounds | - Theory of Werner
- Nomenclature
- Geometries/hybridization of mononuclear coordination compounds
- Bonding
- Magnetic properties & color of 3d series coordination compound
- Spectrochemical series & ligands
- Stability/importance/applications
- Metal carbonyls
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Isolation of metals | - Metal ores (its concentration)
- Extracting crude metal from concentrated ores
- Electrochemical/thermodynamic principles of metallurgy
- Cyanide process/refining
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Qualitative analysis principles | - 1 to 5 groups
- Nitrate/halides/carbonate & bicarbonate/sulphate & sulphide
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Environmental chemistry | - Atmospheric/water/soil/ pollution
- Industrial waste
- Controlling environmental pollution with strategies
- Green chemistry
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Basic principles for organic chemistry | - Carbon hybridization
- Simple organic molecules shapes
- Aromaticity
- Geometric/structural isomerism
- Stereoisomers & stereochemical relationship of compounds with two asymmetric centers
- Empirical/molecular formula determination of simple compounds by combustion method
- Organic molecules IUPAC nomenclature
- Hydrogen bonding effects
- Hyperconjugative effects & resonance
- Basicity and acidity for organic compounds
- Structure/stability/formation of carbanions,carbocations, and free radicals
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Alkanes | - Homologous series, effect of branching on them & physical properties
- Ethane & butane conformations
- Alkyl halides & aliphatic carboxylic acids preparation
- Reactions/halogenation/combustion/oxidation
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Alkenes/alkynes | - Physical properties
- Preparation by elimination reactions
- Acid catalyzed hydration
- Metal acetylides
- Alkenes reaction with KMNO4 and ozone
- Alkenes and alkynes reduction
- Peroxide effect on addition reactions
- Cyclic polymerization reaction of alkynes
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Benzene | - Its structure
- Substitution reaction : halogenation/sulphonation/nitration
- Directing groups effects in these reactions
- Crafts alkylation/acylation by Fridel
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Phenols | - Phenols physical properties/preparation/electrophilic substitution reaction
- Reaction by Reimer Tiemann/Kolbe
- Esterification/etherification
- Aspirin synthesis
- Phenol oxidation & reduction reactions
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Alcohols | - Physical properties/reactions/dehydration/esterification
- Reaction with phosphorus halides/sodium/thionyl chloride/concentrated HCL
- Converting alcohols into aldehydes.carboxylic acids/ketones
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Ethers | - Williamson synthesis preparation
- C-O bond cleavage reactions
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Alkyl halides | - Alkyl carbocation rearrangement reactions
- Grignard reactions
- Nucleophilic substitution reactions, the stereochemical aspects
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Aldehydes/ketones | - Aldehydes/ketones preparation from nitriles & acid chlorides
- Aldehydes from esters
- Benzaldehyde from benzene/toluene
- Condensation of alcohol
- Cannizzaro reaction
- Haloform reaction
- Reactions: reduction, oxidation, oxime, hydrazone formation
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Carboxylic acids | - Physical properties from nitriles/grignard reagents/Esters & amides hydrolysis
- Benzoic acid preparation from alkyl benzenes
- Reactions : halogenation/reduction/formation of esters/amides/acid chlorides
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Amines | - Preparation from nitriles/nitro compounds/amides
- Reactions : gabriel phthalimide synthesis/hoffmann bromamide degradation
- Reaction with nitrous acid
- Sandmeyer/related reactions of diazonium salts
- Carbylamine reaction
- Hinsberg test
- Acylation/alkylation reactions
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Haloarenes | - Reactions : Wurtz Fittig/Fittig
- Haloarenes/substituted haloarenes nucleophilic aromatic substitution
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Biomolecules | - Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Nuclei acids
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Polymers | - Polymerization types
- Copolymers/homo
- Natural rubber
- Cellulose
- Nylon
- Teflon
- Bakelite
- PVC
- Biodegradable polymers
- Polymers applications
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Chemistry in everyday life | - Drug target interaction
- Therapeutic actions & examples of antacids/tranquilizers/analgesics/antimicrobials/antifertility drugs
- Artificial sweeteners
- Soaps/detergents/cleansing action
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Practical organic chemistry | - Detection of elements
- Identification/detection of functional groups: Carbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and nitro
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