CBSE Class 12th Commerce Syllabus 2024 - Download PDF

Part A- Accounting for Partnership Firms and Companies

Unit 1. Accounting for Partnership Firms

Partnership: features, Partnership Deed.

Provisions of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 in the absence of a partnership deed.

Fixed v/s fluctuating capital accounts. Preparation of Profit and Loss Appropriation account- a division of profit among partners, a guarantee of profits.

Past adjustments (relating to interest on capital, interest on drawing, salary, and profit sharing ratio).

Goodwill: meaning, nature, factors affecting, and methods of valuation – average profit, super profit, and capitalization.

Accounting for Partnership firms – Reconstitution and Dissolution.

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Unit 2. Accounting for Companies

Accounting for Share Capital

Accounting for Debentures

Part B- Financial Statement Analysis

Unit 3. Analysis of Financial Statements

Financial statements of a Company:

Meaning, Nature, Uses, and importance of financial Statement.

Statement of Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet in the prescribed form with major headings and subheadings (as per Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013)

Financial Statement Analysis: Meaning, Significance Objectives, importance, and limitations.

Tools for Financial Statement Analysis:

Cash flow analysis, ratio analysis.

Accounting Ratios: Meaning, Objectives, Advantages, classification and computation.

Liquidity Ratios: Current ratio and Quick ratio.

Solvency Ratios: Debt to Equity Ratio, Total Asset to Debt Ratio, Proprietary Ratio, and Interest Coverage Ratio. Debt to Capital Employed Ratio.

Activity Ratios: Inventory Turnover Ratio, Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio, Trade Payables Turnover Ratio, Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio, Net Asset Turnover Ratio, and Working Capital Turnover Ratio.

Profitability Ratios: Gross Profit Ratio, Operating Ratio, Operating Profit Ratio, Net

Profit Ratio and Return on Investment.

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Unit 4. Cash Flow Statement

Meaning, objectives Benefits, Cash and Cash Equivalents, Classification of Activities and preparation (as per AS 3 (Revised) (Indirect Method only) 8

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Part B- Computerized Accounting

Unit 4. Computerized Accounting

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Part A- Introductory Macroeconomics

National Income and Related Aggregates

Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.

Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National Income – Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.

Aggregates related to National Income:

Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) – at market price, at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP.

GDP and Welfare

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Money and Banking

Money – meaning and functions, supply of money – Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

Money creation by the commercial banking system.

Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker’s Bank, Control of Credit through Bank Rate, CRR, SLR, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.

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Determination of Income and Employment

Aggregate demand and its components.

Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal). Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism. Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them – changes in government spending, taxes and money supply.

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Government Budget and the Economy

Government budget – meaning, objectives, and components. Classification of receipts – revenue receipts and capital receipts;

Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. Balanced, Surplus, and Deficit Budget – measures of government deficit.

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Balance of Payments

Balance of payments account – meaning and components; Balance of payments – Surplus and Deficit

Foreign exchange rate – meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating. Determination of exchange rate in a free market, Merits and demerits of flexible and fixed exchange rate.

Managed Floating exchange rate system

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Part B- Indian Economic Development

Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991

A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence. Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans.

Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade.

Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy); Concepts of demonetization and GST

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Current Challenges facing Indian Economy

Periods Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India

Rural development: Key issues – credit and marketing – role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming – organic farming

Employment: Growth and changes in work force participation rate in formal and informal sectors; problems and policies

Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming

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Development Experience of India – A Comparison with Neighbours

A comparison with neighbours India and Pakistan

India and China

Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human Development Indicators

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I.

Relations and Functions

1. Relations and Functions

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions.

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.

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II.

Algebra

1. Matrices

Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Oncommutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

2. Determinants

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

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III.

Calculus

1. Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivative of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions.

Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives.

2. Applications of Derivatives

Applications of derivatives: rate of change of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real life situations).

3. Integrals

Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.

4. Applications of the Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only).

5. Differential Equations

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation.

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IV.

Vectors and Three – Dimensional Geometry

1. Vectors

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors.

2. Three – dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Angle between two lines.

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V.

Linear Programming

Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems. graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints)

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VI.

Probability

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean of random variable.

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Part A

Principles and Functions of Management

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1.

Nature and Significance of Management

Management – concept, objectives, and importance

Management as Science, Art and Profession

Levels of Management

Management functions-planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling

Coordination- concept and importance

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2.

Principles of Management

Principles of Management- concept and significance

Fayol’s principles of management

Taylor’s Scientific management- principles and techniques

3.

Business Environment

Business Environment- concept and importance

Dimensions of Business Environment,Economic, Social, Technological, Political and Legal

Demonetization – concept and features

4.

Planning

Concept, importance and limitation

Planning process

Single use and standing plans. Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, method Rule, budget and Programme

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5.

Organising

Concept and importance

Organising Process

Structure of organisation- functional and divisional concept. Formal and informal organisation- concept

Delegation: concept, elements and importance

Decentralisation: concept and importance

6.

Staffing

Concept and importance of staffing

Staffing as a part of Human Resource Management concept

Staffing process

Recruitment process

Selection – process

Training and Development – Concept and importance, Methods of training – on the job and off the job – vestibule training, apprenticeship training and internship training

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7.

Directing

Concept and importance

Elements of Directing

Motivation – concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Financial and non-financial incentives

Leadership – concept, styles – authoritative, democratic and laissez faire

Communication – concept, formal and informal communication; barriers to effective communication, how to overcome the barriers

8.

Controlling

Controlling – Concept and importance

Relationship between planning and controlling

Steps in process of control

Part B

Business Finance and Marketing

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9.

Financial Management

Concept, role and objectives of Financial Management

Financial decisions: investment, financing and dividend- Meaning and factors affecting

Financial Planning – concept and importance

Capital Structure – concept and factors affecting capital structure

Fixed and Working Capital – Concept and factors affecting their requirements

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10.

Financial Markets

Financial Markets: Concept

Money market: Concept

Capital market and its types (primary and secondary)

Stock Exchange – Functions and trading procedure

Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) – objectives and functions

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Consumer Protection

Marketing – Concept, functions and philosophies

Marketing Mix – Concept and elements

Product – branding, labelling and packaging – Concept

Price – Concept, Factors determining price

Physical Distribution – concept, components and channels of distribution

Promotion – Concept and elements; Advertising, Personal Selling, Sales Promotion and Public Relations

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11.

Marketing Management

Concept and importance of consumer protection

Consumer Protection Act 2019:

Meaning of consumer

Rights and responsibilities of consumers

Who can file a complaint?

Redressal machinery

Remedies available

Consumer awareness – Role of consumer organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

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Reading Comprehension

Factual/ Descriptive/ Literary Passage

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Case-based Passage

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B

Creative Writing Skills

Notice Writing

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Formal/ Informal Invitation and Reply

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Letter to Editor/ of Application

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Article/ Report Writing

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C

Literature

(Flamingo & Vistas)

Reference to the Context

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Short & Long Answers

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INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

Listening Skills (05) + Speaking Skills (05) + Project Work (10)

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TOTAL

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